## 有一个点确实说得很对
And ## did have a point
哲学确实会让我们疏远
He had a point because philosophy distances us
我们过去的惯例习俗，预定的假设，固有的观念
from conventions, from established assumptions, from settle beliefs
这些都是风险，个人上的和政治上的
Those are the risks, personal and political
而在面对这些风险，我们有一个特别的回避方式
And at the face of these risks there's a characteristic evasion
回避方式叫怀疑主义
The name of the evasion is scepticism
怀疑主义是这样的
It's the idea that goes something like this
我们不会彻底地去解决问题
We didn't resolve once for all
无论是我们一开始讨论过的个案或原则
either the cases or the principles we're arguing when we began
如果亚里士多德，洛克，康德和密尔
And if Aristotle and Locke and Kant and Mill haven't solved these quesitons
经过这些年，都没有解决这些问题
after all of these years
你觉得我们是谁？ 我们坐在这个Sanders剧院里
Who are we to think? That, we here in Sanders Theater
经过一个学期就能解决这些问题
over the course of this semester can resolve them
或许，我们只要每个人还是坚持自己的原则
So maybe it's just a matter of each person having his own principles
我们也不会对别人的原则，有什么好说的
and there's nothing more to say about it
不去进行推理、思考
no way of reasoning
这是在逃避，这是怀疑主义的逃避
That's the evasion, the evasion of scepticism
对你们在座的每位，我提出以下的答复
To each I'd offer the following reply
这些问题确实是已经被辩论过很长时间了
It's true these quesitons have been debated for a very long time
事实上，这些问题和讨论还在重复着
but the very fact that they've recurred and persisted
这可能意味着，在某种意义上，他们不可能的
may suggest though they're impossible in one sense
在另外一种情况下，他们却是不可避免的
they're unavoidable in another
无法避开它们的原因在于
the reason that they're unavoidable, the reason that they're inescapable
是因为我们就生活在这些问题的答案中
is that we live some answer to these questions everyday
因此，怀疑主义只是让你放手，
So scepticism just throwing up your hands, and given up by moral reflection
放弃思考道德问题并不是问题的答案
is no solution
康德曾经很好地形容过怀疑主义
Immanuel Kant described very well the problems with scepticism when he wrote
他写道，怀疑主义是人类推理的安息之地
"Scepticism is a resting place for human reasoning
它只是让我们在一些教条之间徘徊
where it can relect on dogmatic wandering
它不是我们最好的安身之处
but it's no dwelling place`for permanent settlement
怀疑主义只是简单地默许，它不足以经受住“鲁莽”的推理
simply to acquiesce, scepticism can't never suffice to overcome the recklessness of reason
我试图提出这些故事，这些论点
I've tried to suggest to these stories and these argument
可能会是一种风险
some sense of risk and temptation of the perils and the possibility
最后，我来总结一下
I'd simply conclude by saying
本课程的目的是唤醒我们鲁莽的推理
The end of this course is to awaken recklessness of reason
然后看看我们最后会走到哪里
and to see where I might lead
谢谢
Thank you very much
上一次我们谈到了几个故事，
Last time we started out with some stories
电车司机碰到的一些道德困境
with some moral dilemmas about trolley cars
以及有关医生和几个患者的问题，
and about doctors and healthy patients,
这些病人还曾面临着，被拿走器官的危险
vulnerable to be victims of organ transplatation
我们注意到两个争论
we notice two things about the arguments we had
那跟与我们争论的方式有关
one had to do with the way we were arguing
我们一开始讲了一个特殊的案例，并让大家来选择
We began with our judgement and particular case
我们试图阐明它们背后的原因和原则
we tried to articulate the reasons and principles
我们的决策背后的原因
lied behind our judgement
然后又讨论了一个新的情形
and then confronted with a new case
我们发现，我们不得不重新审视我们之前的原则
we found ourselves reexamining those principles
不得不做出些调整，来使我们不会前后矛盾
revising each in the light of the other
我们注意到要看清这些问题并不是那么简单
We notice the build-in pressure to try to bring into enlightenment
我们对具体案件的判断
our judgement about particular cases
我们经过反思之后，最后认同的原则
and the principle we would endorse on relection
我们也注意到这些争论的本质
we also notice something about subtance of the arguments
那些从讨论中引出的争论
that emerged from the discussion
我们注意到，有时候我们觉得判断一个行为十分道德
we notice sometimes we were tempted to locate the morality of an act
取决于行为的后果，而不理会这些行为本身
in the consequences, in the results, in the escape of the rules that brought about
我们把这种称为结果主义的道德推理
We call this consequentialist moral reasoning
但是，我们也注意到在某些情况下
But we also notice in some cases
我们不仅会受行为结果的影响
we weren't swayed only by the results
有时，我们感到不只是后果，
sometimes many of us felt not just consequences but also
而且还 行为内在的性质
the intrinsic quality or character of the act matters morally
你们中有些人认为，有些事情是绝对错误的
some people aruged there're certain things that are just categorically wrong
即使他们带来一个好的后果
even if they brings about a good result,
即使是用1条生命换回5条生命
even if they save five people at the cost of one life
因此，我们对比了一下结果主义和绝对主义
so we contrast the consequentialist moral principles with categorical one
在今天和未来几天里，我们将开始思考
Today and in the next few days, we'll begin to examine one of the most influential
结果主义中 最有影响力的一个道德理论
versions of consequentialist moral theory
这就是功利主义哲学
That's the philosophy of Utilitarianism
边沁，18世纪英国政治哲学家
Jeremy Bentham, the 18th century Enligsh pholitical philosopher
首先明确、系统的表达了功利主义道德理论
gave first clear and systematic expression to the Utilitarian moral theory
边沁基本思想 是一个非常简单的
Bentham's idea, his essential idea, is a very simple one
而且听起来就觉得很好道理的
With a lot of morally intuitive appeal
边沁认为
Bentham's idea is the following
凡是能将效用最大化的事，就是正确的、公正的
The right thing, the just thing to to is to maximize utility
效用是什么意思呢？
What do you mean by utility?
效用的意思是，在快乐和痛苦之间找到一个平衡点，
He meant by utility the balance of pleasure over pain,
在享乐和受苦之间找到一个平衡点
happiness over suffering
我们通过这样，来得出最大化的效用
Here're how we arrive at the principle of maximizing utility
于是，他开始观察到身边的人，所有的人
He started out by observing that all of us, all human beings
我们都是被两样东西支配着
are governed by two sovereign masters
痛苦和快乐
Pain and pleasure.
我们都喜欢快乐，不喜欢痛苦
We human beings like pleasure and dislike pain
因此，我们的道德就建立在
so we should base morality
我们是否正在考虑，怎样过我们的生活
whether we're thinking about what to do in our own lives
或者 作为一个立法者或公民
or whehter as legislators or citizens
我们正在考虑法律应该是怎样
we're thinking about what the law should be
关于个人的或集体的
the right thing to do individually or collectively
正确的事就是最大限度提高了整体的幸福水平
is to maximize, acting a way that maximizes the overall level of happiness
边沁功利主义有这样一个口号
Bentham Utilitarianism is sometimes summed up in this slogan
为最多数人谋取最大的利益
the greatest good for the greatest number
在这样的功利主义的基本原则下
With this basic principle of Utilitarianism on hand
通过另一种情形，另一个故事，我们开始进行检验
let's begin to test it and to examine it
并研究它
by turning to another case, another story
但这次我们讨论的不是假设的故事，而是一个真正发生的事
but this time, not hypothetical story, a real life story
英国女王与Dudley和Stephens案件
the case of the Queen versus Dudley and Stephens
这是19世纪英国的法律案件，
This is 19th century British law case,
许多有名的法学院也辩论过这个案件
that famous and much debated in law school
以下是案件的过程
Here's what happened in the case
我整理了一下故事，我想听听
I summerize the story and I want to hear
你将想像成你是陪审团，你会怎么判决
how you would rule imagining you're the jury
当时的报纸报道，描述了故事的背景
A newspaper account of the time, described the background
这是发生在海上遇难的十分令人痛惜的故事
A sader story of a disaster at sea was never told
关于一艘叫Mignonette的游艇
than that of the surviors of the yacht Mignonette
这艘游艇是在南大西洋，距离海角1.3万英里的地方被发现的
The ship found it in the south Atlantic 13,000 miles from the cape
船上有4名船员。Dudley是船长
There're four in the crew. Dudley was the captain
Steven是另外一名船员。Brooks是水手。
Steven was the first mate. Brooks was the sailor.
这些人都是些品行不坏的人，报纸这样描述
All men of excellent character or so, that's the newspaper account tells us
第四组成员是船上侍者，17岁的Parker
The fourth group member was the cabin boy, Richard Parker, 17 years old
他是一个孤儿。他没有家庭
He was an orphan. He had no family
这是在他第一次出海远航
And he was on his first long voyage sea
他不听朋友们的劝阻
He went, the news account tells us,
义无反顾地踏上了旅程
rather against the advice of his friends
他去的时候是 充满希望的、年轻人的雄心
He went in the hopefulness of youthful ambition
他以为，这次的旅程将会让他成为一个真正的男人
thinking the journey would make a man of him
遗憾的是，并没有他预想那样
Sadly was not to be
案件的经过并没有什么争议
That fact of the case was not in the dispute
波浪击中了船，后来就坠毁了
A wave hit the ship. It went down
4名船员逃到救生艇
The four crew members escaped to a lifeboat
唯一的食物，是两罐大头菜
The only food they had was two cans of preserved turnip
没有水
No fresh water
前几天，他们什么都没吃
For the first few days, they ate nothing
在第四天，他们打开了一罐大头菜
On the fourth days, they opened of the cans of turnip and ate it.
接着的那天，他们吃了一只龟
The next day, they cutted a turtle
连同其他大头菜
Together with other cans of turnut,
这样他们能勉强地度过了几天
the turtle enabled them to subsist for next few days
第八天，他们什么都没吃。没有食物。没有水
And for eight days, they had nothing. No food. No water
想象一下，在这样的情况下，你会怎么做？
Imagine yourself in this situation like that, what would you do?
以下是他们的做法
Here's what they did
截至目前，船上侍者Parker398
By now, the cabin boy,Parker,
正躺在救生艇的一个角落
is lying at the bottom of the lifeboat in the corner
因为他不听其他人的意见，喝了海水
because he had drunk sea water against the advice of others
他病倒了，他似乎还奄奄一息
He became ill and he appeared to be dying
因此，第19日，Dudley船长提议
