这是一门关于什么公正的课程。我们先讲一个故事
This is a course about justice. We begin with a story.
设想你是一位电车司机
Suppose you're the driver of a trolley car
你的电车正已每小时60英里行驶
Your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 Mph.
你发现，在车轨的尽头有5位工人在那里干活
At the end of the track, you notice five workers are working on the track.
你想尽办法停下来，但已经停不住了
You try to stop, but you can't
你的手刹不灵了
your brakes don't work
你感到十分绝望，因为你知道
You feel desperate, because you know
如果你撞向这5位工人
if you crash into these five workers
他们必死无疑
they will all die
你很快会就知道
but to soon you know that's for sure
你不知道该怎么办好
so you feel helpless
直到你发现
until you notice, there is
在电轨的尽头，刚好有一条分叉
off to the right, a side track
在电轨的尽头，刚好有一条分叉
at the end of that track
而在那条分叉路上，只有1位工人
There's a worker working on the track
你的方向盘还没有失灵
your steering wheel works
所以你可以选择把电车拐向那条分叉路
so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track
撞向1位工人，但救活了另外那5位
killing the one, but sparing the five
现在我要问第一个问题
Here's our first question?
什么是我们应该什么做？
what's the right thing to do
你会怎么做？
what would you do?
让我们来做一次投票
Let's take a poll
多少人会选择转入拐向那条分叉路
How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track
举起你的手
Raise your hands
有多少人选择一直往前开的？
How many wouldn't? How many would go straight ahead
极少数人会。绝大部份选择了变方向
A handful of people would. A vast majority would turn
让我们先听听。现在我们需要研究你这样做的原因
Let's hear first. Now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think
让我们先听听占多数的人
is the right thing to do. Let's begin with those in the majority
有谁选择转向一边岔道的？
Who would turn to go onto the side track
为什么你会这么做？你的原因是什么？
Why would you do it? Would would be your reason?
谁愿意说说你的想法？
Who is willing to volunteer a reason?
如果你可以只撞死一人，那么撞死5人肯定是不对的
Because it cann't be right to kill five people when you could only kill one person instead
如果你可以只撞死一人，那么撞死5人肯定是不对的
it wouldn't be right to kill five if you could only kill one person instead
这是一个很好的理由
That's a good reason
还有谁？是否有人同意这个想法，原因是什么？
Who else? Does anybody agree with that reason?
我认为这和 9/11日事件是同样的道理
I think it's the same reason on the 9/11
我们把那些，把飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚州空地的人，视作英雄
we regard the people who flew the plane into Pennsylvania field as heros
因为他们选择了牺牲飞机上的人，而不是撞向有人的大厦
because they chose to kill the people on the plane, and not kill more people in the building
因此，原则是相同的，虽然都是发生在悲剧的情况下
So the principle there is the same as 9/11 to tragic circumstance
为了5个人能活下来，牺牲一个人 也是值得的
Better to kill one so that five can live
占多数人的你们，也是这样吗想吗？
Is that the reason most of you have those will turn?
现在让我们来听听 那些少数分子
Let's hear now from those in the minority, those wouldn't turn
我认为这跟种族灭族主义、极权主义，是同一个手法
I think that's the same type of mentality that justify genocide and totalitarianism
为了救活一个种族，你就能杀害其他人
in order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other
那么，在这种情况下你会怎么办？
So what would you do in this case?
为了避免 作出像种族灭绝一样的做法
To avoid the horror of genocide
你就宁愿撞向那5个工人
you would crash into the five and kill them
理论上是这样
Presumedly yes
好的。还有谁？这是一个大胆的想法。谢谢您
Ok. Who else? That's a brave answer. Thank you
让我们考虑另外一种情况
Let's consider another trolley car case
看看你们这些占多数的
and see whether those of you in the majority
为什么在这种情况下，你的原则是牺牲一人来救活5人
why would here to the principle, better one should die so that five should live
现在，你不是电车司机，你只是一个旁观者
This time you're not the driver of the trolley car, you're an onlooker
你站在桥上，俯瞰电车的电轨
You're standing on a bridge, overlooking a trolley car track
沿着这个轨道，在尽头有5名工人
down the track come the trolley car. At the end of the track are five workers.
电车的手刹照样不灵了
the brakes don't work
电车快要撞向那5个工人
the trolley car is about to careen into the five and kill them
现在你不是司机
and now you're not the driver
你真的感到无助
you really feel helpless
突然，你看见 站在你旁边
until you notice standing next to you
桥上还是一个非常胖的人
leaning over the bridge is a very fat man
你可以推他一把
and you could give him a shove
他会掉到轨道上
he would fall over the bridge onto the track
刚好能停住那辆电车
right in the way of the trolley car
他会死去，但他能救活其他5个人
he would die but he would spare the five
现在，有多少人会推那个胖子。举起你的手
now how many would push the fat man over the bridge. Raise your hands
有多少不会这么做？大部分人都不会
How many wouldn't? Most people wouldn't
问题显而易见
Here's the obvious question
你每次的选择，原则是什么？
What became of the principle?
牺牲一个，救活更多人
Better to save five lives even if it means to sacrifice one
在第一种情况几乎每个人都赞同，原因何在？
What became of the principle that almost everyone endorse in the first case
我要听听，在两种情况下都是站在大多数的人一边的人
I need to hear from someone who's in the majority in both cases
你如何解释二者之间的区别
How do you explain the differences between the two
在第二种情况下，我认为涉及 选择的问题
The second one I guess involves an act of choice of pushing the person down
那个胖子原本不牵涉到这宗事故里
That person himself would otherwise not have been involved in the situation at at all
我觉得，第二种情况比第一种情况
To choose on his behalf, I guess, involve him in something that
那个胖子可以选择置身其外
he otherwise would escape, I guess, is more than in what you have in the first case
但在第一种情况，司机，两边的工人的已经牵涉到里面
where the three parties, the driver, the two sets of workers are already in the situation
但是，那个在岔道上的家伙
But the guy working on the track off the side
他不会比那个胖子，更想牺牲自己吧？
he didn't choose to sacrifice his life any more than the fat man did, did he?
这是事实。但他在岔道上
That's true. But he's on the track
胖子也是在桥上啊
This guy is on the bridge
你可以继续，也可以待会儿再说
Go ahead. You can come back if you want.
好的。这是个难题。你已经做得很好了
All right. It's a hard question. You did very well
还有谁可以找到能调和的前后两种不同做法的？
Who else can find a way of reconciling the reaction in the majority in these two cases
我想在第一种情况，我们必须在牺牲那1个工人或另外5个之间的选择
I guess, in the first case we have the one worker and the five
我们必须作出的选择
It's choice between those two. And you've to make certain choice
那些工人是死于那驾电车，而不是你的直接行为
people are gonna die because of the trolley car, not necessarily because of your direct action
电车失控了，然后你才闭着你选择
the trolley car is run away and then you're making a split second choice
而推胖子的话，是你自愿的选择
whereas pushing the fat man over is an actualized murder on your part
你有能力选择推还是不推，但你没办法控制的电车不撞向大家
you've control over that whereas you may not control over the trolley car
所以我认为两者略有不同
so I think it's slightly different situation
好的。谁想回应他的想法？这很好。
All right. Who has a reply? That's good.
谁想回应？是否有更好的解释？
Who want to reply? Is there a way out of this?
我不认为这是一个很好的理由`
I don't think that's a very good reason`
在这两种情况下，你都是选择杀人
In either way you've to choose you die
因为前者你选择拐向那个岔道上的工人，这是你有意识的行为
because you either choose to turn and kill a person which is an act of conscious thought to turn
后者，你去推胖子也是一种有意的行为
or you choose to push the fat man over which is also an act of conscious action
所以不管怎样，都是有意的行为
so either way you're making a choice
你想回应？
Do you want to reply?
我不是肯定，事实就是这样
I'm not really sure that's the case
这看来是不同的
It's just seem kind of different to act actually
推胖子到电轨上，他会死
pushing someone over on the track and killing him
你是在杀死他
you're actually killing him yourself
你是在亲手杀死他
you're pushing him in your own hands
这有别于把电车转向，然后再撞死其他人
That's different from steering something that's gonna to cause death into other
这好像听起来不对，是吧？
It dosen't really sound right.
这很好。你叫什么名字？
That's good. What's your name?
Andrew
让我问你一个问题，Andrew
Let me ask you this quesiton, Andrew
假设在桥上，我不用推那个胖子
Suppose standing on the bridge next to the fat man I didn't have to push him
假设他是站在了一个陷阱上，我可以像转方向盘那样打开那个陷阱
suppose he was standing over a trap that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that
不知道为什么，这样做似乎跟不对
So some reasons, that just seems more wrong
我的意思是，也许你不小心推动了那个陷阱的方向盘
I mean maybe if you accidentally like lean into this steering wheel
或者是其他原因，就发生了
there's something like that
又或者，电车阴差阳错地就拐向那条岔道了
or say that the car isn't hurtling towards a switch or drop the track
我可能就认同了
that I could I agree with that
好的。在第一种情况是正确的做法，在第二种情况就变成不对的了
Fair enough. It's still seem wrong in a way it doesn't seem wrong in the first case to turn
而且，在第一种情况下，你直接牵涉到事故
In another way, in the first situation you're involved directly with the situation
在第二个，你是一个旁观者也。
In the second one, you're an onlooker as well.
所以你可以有选择卷入或不去推胖子
So you can have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man
让我们暂时搁下这个故事
Let's just forget a moment about this case
让我们想象另外一个的情形
Let's imagine a different case
这时候，你是急诊室的医生，6位病人来找你
This time you're a doctor in a emergency room. Six patients come to you
他们刚刚经历了一场电车交通事故
They've been in a terrible trolley car wrack
其中5人中度受伤，1人重伤
Five of them were moderately injured and one was severely injured
你可以花一整天来照顾那位重伤病人
You could spend all day caring for the one severely injured victim
但这样的话，其他5个会死去
but in that time the five would die
或者你可以先照顾好那5位，再来看那位重伤病人
or you could look after the five restore then to help
但那位重伤病人也会死去
but during that time the severely injured person would die
现在你是医生，有多少人选择先就那5个病人？
How many would save the five? Now is the doctor
又有多少人选择先救那位重伤者
How many would save the one?
极少数人。只有极少数人
Very few people. Just a handful of people
我假设你们的原因跟之前的一样。1条生命对5条
