Same reason I assume. One life versus five
现在考虑一种情形。这一次你是外科医生。
Now consider another doctor case. This time you're a transplant surgeon.
你有5名患者。每一个迫切需要
You've five patients. Each in desperate need
器官移植
of an organ transplant in order to survive
其中需要心脏，一个需要肺，一个要肾脏，另一个要肝脏
One needs a heart. One a lung, one a kidney, one a liver
第五个人要胰腺
and the fifth a pancreas
但现在没有可移植的器官。你即将看着他们死去
You've no organ donors. You're about to see them die
你突然发现，在你的隔壁病房
and then it occurs to you that in the next room
有一个健康的家伙，来检查身体
there's a healthy guy who came in for a check up
他正在打瞌睡
He's taking a nap
你可以很安静地走进去，
You could go in very quietly,
把那个家伙的5个器官取出来，当然他会死去
yank out the five organs that person would die
但是你可以救活另外那5位病人
but you could save the five
你们有多少人愿意这样做？
How many of you would do it?
还有其他人吗？
Anyone?
把你的手举高
How many? Put your hands up if you'd do it
还有没有人，包括在二楼的
Anyone in the balcony.
我会
I would.
小心，不要摔下来哦
Be careful. Don't lean over
有多少人不会这样做？
How many wouldn't?
好的。你是怎么想的，刚才那位在二楼的同学
All right. What do you say? Speak up in the balcony
我其实是想着有没有其他可能的替代做法
I actually like to explore an slightly alternative possibility
先把那5个病人中最先会死去的人，把他的器官捐出来
that just taking the one of the five who need an organ who dies first using
这样，他健康的器官可以救活其他4位
therefore the healthy organ save the other four
这是一个不错的主意
That's a pretty good idea
可惜，您避开了我们要讨论的哲学观点
except for the fact that you just wrecked the philisophical point
让我们回过头来看这些故事，这些争论
Let's step back from these stories and these arguments
要注意的方式几点
To notice a couple of things about the way
注意我们的争论是围绕那几点展开的
the arguments have begun to unfold
我们的讨论已经涉及到了一些道德的原则
certain moral principles have already begun to emerge
我们的讨论已经涉及到了一些道德的原则
from the discussion we had
让我们回顾一下，有哪些道德原则
Let's consider what those moral principles look like
第一道德原则是，
The first moral principle that emerged in the discussion said
正确的做法，符合道德的事
the right thing to do, the moral thing to do
取决于我们行为的后果
depends on the consequences that we resolve from your action
如果在最后，能救活5个，哪怕是牺牲一个也是值得的
At the end of the day, better the five should live even if one must die
这是关注以结果为中心一派，一个很好的例子
That's an example of consequentialist moral reasoning
结果主义的道德推理取决于道德行为的后果
Consequentialist moral reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act
它取决于我们最后的结果
in the state of the rule that we resolve from the thing you do
但接着，我们考虑了另外一种情况
But then we ran a littlt further, we consider those other cases
在这种情况，人们对结果主义的道德推理原则就不那么坚定了
and people wouldn't so sure about consequentialist moral reasoning
我们在犹豫，例如对于那个站在桥上的胖子
when people hesitate, e.g. the fat man over the bridge
或者是去去掉那位无辜病人的器官
or to yank out the organs of the innocent patient
人们在思考什么是应该做的时候
people gestured toward reasons
会考虑到那个行为的本身
having to with the intrinsic quality of the act itself
而不只是行为的后果
consequence be with they made
人们改变了原意
People were reluctant.
人们觉得这样做是不对的，行为本身是错误的
People thought it's just wrong, categorically wrong
即使是为了拯救更多的生命，杀害无辜的人是不对的
To kill an innocent person, even for the sake of saving five lives
人们认为，在第二种情况下是不对的
at least people thought that in a second version of each story we consider
这是另外一种道德推理的原则
So this point to a secend categorical way of thinking about moral reasoning
绝对主义的道德推理认为，道德有其绝对的道德原则
Categorical moral reasoning locates morality in certain absolute moral requirements
有明确的职责，明确的权利，不论后果是怎样
certain categorical duties and rights, regardless the consequences
我们会在今天和未来几周来讨论
We're gonna to explore in the day and next weeks to come
讨论结果主义和绝对主义的异同
the contrast between Consequentialist and Categorical moral principles
结果主义道德推理最有名的一个例子
the most influential example of consequential moral reasoning
是功利主义，由 边沁 提出
is Utilitarianism, a doctrine invented by Jeremy Bentham，
他是18世纪英国的一位政治哲学家
the 18th century English political philosopher
而最重要的一位绝对主义的哲学家
The most important philosopher of categorically moral reasoning
是18世纪德国哲学家 康德
is the 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant
因此，我们来看看这两个不同的道德推理模式
So we'll look at those two different modes of moral reasoning
评价它们，也考虑其他替代的理论
assess them and also consider others
从教学大纲，你会发现我们将会读一些非常著名的书
If you look at the syllabus, you'll notice we read a number of great and famous books
亚里士多德的，洛克，康德，约翰·密尔等人
books by Aristotle,John Locke,Immanuel Kant,John Stuart Mill and others
从教学大纲中，你会看到，我们不只是读这些书
you'll notice too from the syllabus we don't only read these books
我们还讨论当代的政治和法律争议
we also take up contemporary political and legal controversy
讨论它们背后的哲学问题
that raise philosophical questions
我们将辩论 何为平等和不平等
we'll debate equality and inequality
平权行动，言论自由，攻击性言论
affirmative action, free speech vs hate speech
同性婚姻，征兵
same sex marriage, military conscription
一系列实际问题
a range of practical question
为什么？ 因为我们不仅要真实地感受这样抽象、遥远的书籍
Why? Not just to enlive these abstract and distant books
还要认真地讨论 我们日常生活中 一些的议题
but make clear to bring out what's at stake in our daily life
包括我们的政治生活，
including our political lives, for philosophy?
所以我们读这些书，我们将讨论这些问题
so we'll read these books and we'll debate these issues
我们将看到，它们之间的联系
and we'll see how each informs and illuminates the others
这听起来很吸引人
This may sound appealing enough
但在这里，我要提醒大家
but here I've to issue a warning
我的提醒是
The warning is this:
阅读这些书
To read these books in this way
作为认识自我的一种训练
as an excise in self knowledge
阅读这些书会有冒险
To read them in this way carries certain risks
个人的，政治上的冒险
Risks that are both personal and political
每一个学政治哲学的学生都知道的风险
Risks that every student of political philosophy has known
这些风险的根源于一个事实
These risks spring from the fact that
哲学会教化我们，扰动让我们
philosophy teaches us and unsettles us
面对在我们已经知道我们
by confronting us with what we already know
有一个讽刺的说法，学习本课程的困难之处
There's an irony. The difficulty of this course
事实上，包括它教的东西，我们已经了解的
consist in a fact that teach us what you've already known
它会把我们都熟视无睹的情景
It works by taking what we know from familiar unquestioned settings
使其不在熟悉
and making it strange
刚才我列举的案例就是例子
That's how those examples work
我们一开始假定的情景
The hypothetical which we began
融合了趣味性和严肃性
with their mix of playfulness and sobriety
它也是这些书籍里，哲学让我们对熟悉的事物
it's also how those phisophical books where philosophy estranges us
变得陌生。它并不是提供新的信息
from the familiar, not by supplying new information
而只是引导着我们用新的方式看这些事物
but by inviting and provoking a new way of seeing
但风险就在这
but here's the risk
一旦熟悉变得陌生，它就会永远和以前不一样了
Once the familiar turns strange, it's never quite the same again
自我认识，就像一个迷了路的人
Self knowledge is like a lost innocent
不管你觉得它多么地扰动你
however unsettling you find it
你就不能不想起和思考这些问题了
you can never be unthought or unknown
是什么让这个探索的过程，显得既困难，但又有趣呢
What makes this and your enterprise difficult but also riveting
因为，道德和政治哲学就像一个故事
is that moral and political philosophy is a story
你不知道的故事将怎么发展下去
and you don't know where the story will lead
但你却知道的，这是关于您的故事
but you do know is that the story is about you
这些是个人的风险。那么政治的风险在哪呢？
Those are the personal risks. Now where're the political risks?
我或许可以这样描述这门课程，它向你承诺
One way of introducing a course like this would be the promise you
通过阅读这些书籍和讨论这些问题
by reading these books and debeting issues
你将会成为一位更负责任的公民
you'll be a more responsible citizen
你会重新审视那些，你过去的观念和公共政策
You'll exam preconceive notion that public policy
你会训练你的政治判断力
you'll hone your political judgement
你会更有效地参与公共事务
you'll become a more effective participant in public affairs
但这会是一个片面的、误导人的承诺
But this would a partial and misleading promise
大部分政治哲学并不是那样的
Political philosophy for the most part hasn't worked that way
学习政治哲学，你将有可能
You've to allow for the possibility
成为一位更坏的公民
that political philosophy may make you a worse citizen
而不是一个更好
rather than a better one
或者，至少在你成为一个好公民之前，让你变成坏公民
or at least a worse citizen before it makes you a better one
那是因为，哲学是一个遥远的事情
And that's because philosophy is a distant thing
甚至是件破坏性的活动
even debilitating activity
这可以追溯到苏格拉底
And you see this going back to Socrates
苏格拉底和他的一个朋友，曾有过这样一个美妙的对话
there's a dialogue the gorgeous in which one of Socrates's friend
## 试图说服放弃哲学
## tried to talk him out a philosophizing
##告诉苏格拉底，哲学是一个很好的玩偶
## tells Socrates, "Philosophy is a pretty toy"
如果你只是适度地沉溺其中，并在生命里合适的时候
"if one indulges in it with moderation at the right time of life"
但如果过度地追求
"but if one pursuits it further then one should
它绝对会伤害你
it's abosolutely ruining
听我的劝告把”## 说
"Take my advice" ## says
放弃你的争论。学习那些将会让你有成就的事情（？）
"Abandon argument. Learn the accomplishment of act of life
不要去研究那些，尽说些貌似优美但模棱两可的事情的人们
Take for your models, not those people who spend their time on these petty quibbling
去研究那些生活过得很好，有名气的人们
but those who have good livelihood and reputation and many other blessings
## 是真心地对苏格拉底这样说的
So ## is really saying to Socrates
放弃哲学。去寻找那些真实可见的。又或者进商学院
Quit philosophizing. Get real. Go to business school
