在一些哲学家的帮助下，要探讨的问题
with the help of some philosophers in the weeks to come.
英文字幕：
http://forum-network.org
xiaolai
中文字幕：
psjmz
校对：
何_何
欢迎接着收看
耶鲁心理学入门课程
http://u.youku.com/aprilseason?1
科学是整理过的知识，而智慧则是整理过的人生。 ---康德
Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life. ——Immanuel Kant
小心你的动机
Mind Your Motive
现在，我们
Now we turn
转到这门课最难懂的哲学家
Now we turn to the hardest philosopher we're going to read in this course.
今天，我们要讲伊曼努尔-康德。
Today we turn to Immanuel Kant
他提出一个不同的解释
who offers a different account
为什么我们有绝对性的义务
of why we have a categorical duty
去尊敬别人的尊严
to respect the dignity of persons
而不能仅仅把人当成工具
and not to use people as means merely
哪怕是出于好意
even for good ends.
康德在16岁的时候
Kant excelled at the University of Konigsberg
就已经在Konigsberg大学出类拔萃了
at the age of 16.
他在31岁时，得到了自己第一份工作，担任无薪的讲师
At age of 31, he got his first job as an unsalaried lecturer
根据当堂听课学生的数量
paid on commission based on the number of students
获得报酬
who showed up at his lectures.
哈佛应该好好参考一下这个制度
This is a sensible system that Harvard would do well to consider.
幸运的是，康德是个非常受欢迎的讲师
Luckily for Kant, he was a popular lecturer
而且工作勤奋刻苦
and also an industrious one
所以，他还勉强维持自己的生计
and so he eked out a meager living.
直到57岁，他才出版了自己第一本重要著作
It wasn't until he was 57 that he published his first major work.
然而，这种等待是值得的
But, it was worth the wait,
因为那本书就是《纯理性批判》
the book was the "Critique of Pure Reason"
也许是所有现代哲学著作中最为重要的一本
perhaps the most important work in all of modern philosophy.
几年后，康德写出了里程碑式的作品：《道德的形而上学基础》
And a few years later, Kant wrote the groundwork for "Metaphysics of Morals"
我们在这门课读到这本书
which we read in this course.
在开始之前，我想声明一下
I want to acknowledge even before we start
康德是位艰深的思想家
that Kant is a difficult thinker
然而，试图理解他的观点至关重要
but it's important to try to figure what he's saying
因为本书论述的正是
because what this book is about
什么是道德的终极原则
is what the supreme principle of morality is,
这是其一。
number one,
该书也为我们解释了
and it also gives us an account –
也是现金最有影响力的解释之一
one of the most powerful accounts we have –
即 究竟什么是自由
of what freedom really is.
那么，让我们就此开始。
So, let me start today,
康德反对功利主义
Kant rejects utilitarianism.
在他看来
He thinks that
作为个体的人
the individual person,
所有的人
all human beings,
都有一定的尊严，而我们必须尊重它
have a certain dignity that commands our respect.
根据康德，个人之所以是是受到尊重的
The reason the individual is sacred or the bearer of rights,
或者是权利的拥有者
according to Kant,
并不是源于，我们支配和拥有自己
doesn't stem from the idea that we own ourselves
而是源于，我们都是理性的存在
but instead from the idea that we are all rational beings.
我们是理性存在，其意义就是
We're all rational beings, which simply means
我们都有理性
that we are beings who are capable of reason.
同时，我们也是独立自主的存在
We are also autonomous beings,
也就是说，我们有能力自由地选择和行动
which is to say that we are beings capable of acting and choosing freely.
理性和自由并不是
Now, this capacity for reason and freedom
我们仅有的能力
isn't the only capacity we have.
我们还有痛苦和快乐、
We also have the capacity for pain and pleasure,
受苦和满足的能力
for suffering and satisfaction.
康德也承认，功利主义的观点一半是正确的
Kant admits the utilitarians were half right.
当然，我们会回避痛苦，
Of course, we seek to avoid pain
我们追求享乐
and we like pleasure,
康德并不否认这一点
Kant doesn't deny this.
他所驳斥的是
What he does deny
边沁的说法
is Bentham's claim
边沁认为痛苦和欢乐主宰了我们
that pain and pleasure are our sovereign masters.
康德认为这是错误的
He thinks that's wrong.
康德认为，是我们的理性
Kant thinks that it's our rational capacity
让我们脱颖而出
that makes us distinctive,
让我们变得截然不同
that makes us special,
使我们区别开，而且高于其他动物的存在
that sets us apart from and above mere animal existence.
使我们成为，不仅仅是只有欲望的肉身
It makes us something more than just physical creatures with appetites.
我们常常会认为，自由就是我们做自己想做的事
We often think of freedom as simply consisting in doing what we want
或者毫无障碍的得到想要的东西
or in the absence of obstacles to getting what we want,
这是对于自由的一种看法
that's one way of thinking about freedom.
但是康德不是这么看
But this isn't Kant's idea of freedom.
康德制定了更为严格的定义
Kant has a more stringent demanding notion
来解释自由是什么
of what it means to be free.
这一定义既严厉又苛刻，
And though it's stringent and demanding,
但如果你仔细想想，你会发现它很有说服力
if you think it through, it's actually pretty persuasive.
康德的推理如下：
Kant reasons as follows:
如果我们像动物一样
when we, like animals,
追求享乐或欲望的满足，
seek after pleasure or the satisfaction of our desires
或者回避痛苦
or the avoidance of pain,
如果我们是那样的话，我们并不是真正自由的
when we do that we aren't really acting freely.
为什么呢？
Why not?
因为，这样我们就成了这些欲望和冲动的奴隶
We're really acting as the slaves of those appetites and impulses.
我们不能选择某种饥饿，或某种欲望
I didn't choose this particular hunger or that particular appetite
因此，当我们去满足它的时候
and so when I act to satisfy it,
我们只是去适应我们的本能需求而已
I'm just acting according to natural necessity.
在康德看来，自由是本能需求的对立
And for Kant, freedom is the opposite of necessity.
几年前，雪碧有这样一则广告
There was an advertising slogan for the soft drink Sprite a few years ago.
“顺从你的渴望”。
The slogan was, "Obey your thirst."
雪碧的这个口号里面也反映了康德的想法
There's a Kantian insight buried in that Sprite advertising slogan
与康德的观点有关
that in a way is Kant's point.
当你购买雪碧或者百事可乐的时候，
When you go for Sprite or Pepsi, you're really –
你很可能认为，自己是在自由选择
you might think that you're choosing freely,
雪碧，或 百事可乐
Sprite versus Pepsi,
但实际上，你是在顺从某些东西
but you're actually obeying something,
口渴，或某种被广告制造并操纵的欲望
a thirst or maybe a desire manufactured or massaged by advertising,
你正在顺从某种，并非由你选择或创造的刺激
you're obeying a prompting that you yourself haven't chosen or created.
这里我们需要注意，康德对自由下的尤为苛刻的定义
And here it is worth noticing Kant's specially demanding idea of freedom.
这会是一种什么样的行为—— 我们的意志怎么会
What way of acting – how can my will be determined
不是出于本能的刺激
if not by the promptings of nature
不是出于饥饿、食欲、或者我的欲望？
or my hunger or my appetite or my desires?
康德的答案是什么呢？
Kant's answer?
自由的行动，就意味着自主的行动
To act freely is to act autonomously,
自主的行动，就意味着遵从我
and to act autonomously is to act according to a law
为自己设定的规则而行动
that I give myself
不是出于自然法则
not according to the physical laws of nature
或因果定律
or the laws of cause and effect
它包括了，我选择吃或喝的欲望
which include my desire to eat or to drink
或者选择这家餐馆
or to choose this
而非那一家
food in a restaurant over that.
那么，对于康德来说
Now, what is the opposite
自主的反义词又是什么呢？
of autonomy for Kant?
他发明了一个术语
He invents a special term
来描述自主的对立面
to describe the opposite of autonomy.
自主的对立，就是“他律”。
Heteronomy is the opposite of autonomy.
当我因“他律”而行动时，我的行动是出于某种偏好
When I act heteronomously, I'm acting according to an inclination,
或本能欲望，而不是我自己选择的
or a desire, that I haven't chosen for myself.
因此，康德坚持，将自由严格地视作是自主的
So, freedom as autonomy is an especially stringent idea that Kant insists on.
接下来，为什么“他律”或本能的行为
Now, why is autonomy the opposite of acting heteronomously
其立就是自主呢？
or according to the dictates of nature?
康德的观点是，自然是受规律支配的
Kant's point is that nature is governed by laws,
例如因果关系的定律
laws of cause and effect for example.
假设你丢下一个台球
Suppose you drop a billiard ball,
它就会掉到地上
it falls to the ground;
我们都不会认为，这个球的行动是自由的
we wouldn't say the billiard ball is acting freely.
为什么？
Why not?
因为它的行为遵循自然规律
It's acting according to the law of nature,
遵循因果关系的规律
according to the laws of cause of effect,
即万有引力定律
the law of gravity.
正如他对自由的定义
And just as he has an unusually demanding and stringent
超乎寻常的严厉和苛刻
conception of freedom,
