not be arbitrary, that's what matters."
同时他也给了一个很有说服力的例证
And he gives a wonderful example.
他说：“即便是一名中士，更不用说是一位将军
He says "A sergeant, even a sergeant, let alone a general,
也可以命令士兵，迎着大炮而上
a sergeant can command a soldier to go right up to a face of a cannon
这位士兵将必死无疑，但中士有权要求他这样做
where he is almost sure to die, that the sergeant can do.
将军甚至可以给那些擅离职守，或不服从命令的士兵
The general can condemn the soldier to death for deserting his post
判处死刑
or for not obeying even a desperate order.
尽管他们拥有生杀大权，但
But with all their power over life and death, what these officers can't do
他们却没权拿走该士兵的一分一厘
is take a penny of that soldier's money because that has nothing to do
因为这种做法是不合法的
with the rightful authority,
因为这是主观武断的，腐败的
that would be arbitrary and it would be corrupt."
因此，同意在洛克的理论中变得非常重要
So consent winds up being very powerful in Locke,
这种同意不是指，个体对税收或军令的同意
not consent of the individual to the particular tax or military order,
而是一开始同意加入政府、
but consent to join the government and to be bound
受大多数人的约束
by the majority in the first place.
这就是同意的关键所在，而且它重要到
That's the consent that matters and it matters so powerfully
即使是建立在我们所拥有天赋的
that even the limited government created by the fact
生存权、自由权以及财产权这一事实上的有限政府
that we have an unalienable right to life, liberty, and property,
即便这个有限政府也只是受限于
even that limited government is only limited in the sense
普遍适用的法律、法规
that it has to govern by generally applicable laws,
而且不能是专制的。这就是洛克的理论
the rule of law, it can't be arbitrary. That's Locke.
那么这就引出了一个关于同意的问题：
Well this raises a question about consent.
在建立政权和服从的义务时
Why is consent such a powerful moral instrument
为什么“同意”是如此一个强大的道德工具？
in creating political authority and the obligation to obey?
今天我们从一个具体的征兵案例
Today we begin to investigate the question of consent
来探讨“同意”的问题
by looking at a concrete case, the case of military conscription.
也许有人会问，因为我们拥有自己
Now some people say if we have a fundamental right
我们有一些基本的权利
that arises from the idea that we own ourselves,
那么政府征兵去参战就是对这一权利的侵犯
it's a violation of that right for government to conscript citizens
有人则不同意这说法
to go fight in wars. Others disagree.
他们说，这是政府的合法权力
Others say that's a legitimate power of government,
不管怎样，这是民主选举的政府
of democratically elected governments, anyhow,
我们都有义务服从
and that we have an obligation to obey.
我们以美国攻打伊拉克为例
Let's take the case of the United States fighting a war in Iraq.
新闻报导告诉我们，军队在完成
News accounts tells us that the military is having great difficulty
招兵指标上有很大困难
meeting its recruitment targets.
看一下美国政府应对
Consider three policies that the U.S. government
无法完成招兵指标时
might undertake to deal with the fact
的三项对策
that it's not achieving its recruiting targets.
解决方案一：增加工资和福利
Solution number one: increase the pay and benefits
从而吸引足够数量的士兵
to attract a sufficient number of soldiers.
方案二：采用强制征兵体系
Option number two: shift to a system of military conscription,
用抽签法，谁抽中了
have a lottery, and whose ever numbers are drawn,
谁就要去伊拉克参战
go to fight in Iraq.
方案三：军事外包
System number three: outsource, hire what traditionally
聘请世界各地被称为“雇佣军”的人
have been called mercenaries, people around the world
那些合格的、有能力的
who are qualified, able to do the work,
仗打得好的，而且愿意接受
able to fight well, and who are willing to do it
现有的工资水平
for the existing wage.
让我们做个简短的投票
So let's take a quick poll here.
多少人倾向于增加开支？
How many favor increasing the pay?
相当多的人
A huge majority.
多少人赞成强制征兵体系？
How many favor going to conscription?
在这个屋里，也许有十几人选择强制征兵
Maybe a dozen people in the room favor conscription.
那外包的解决方案呢？
What about the outsourcing solution?
好了，大约有两三十人
Okay, so there may be two, three dozen.
在内战期间，北方军利用
During the Civil War, the Union used a combination
强制征兵和市场体系相组合的方法
of conscription and the market system to fill the ranks of the military
来填补军队士兵的空缺
to fight in the Civil War.
一开始，这是一个强制征兵的系统
It was a system that began with conscription
但如果你被抽中，而又不想去
but if you were drafted and didn't want to serve,
你可以雇佣别人顶替你去
you could hire a substitute to take your place
很多人这样做
and many people did.
你可以根据市场，来付钱为了找人顶替
You could pay whatever the market required
人们在报纸上打广告
in order to find a substitute, people ran ads in newspapers,
在分类广告栏，标价500美元，有时甚至1000美元
in the classified ads offering 500 dollars, sometimes 1000 dollars,
来找人顶替自己
for a substitute who would go fight the Civil War
去参战
in their place.
事实上，据报道，安德鲁 卡内基
In fact, it's reported that Andrew Carnegie
被征召了，他只用了比他一年花在
was drafted and hired a substitute to take his place
高级雪茄上还少些的钱
for an amount that was a little less
就雇佣到了顶替他服役的人
than the amount he spent in the year on fancy cigars.
现在我想听听，你们对内战时兵役制的看法
Now I want to get your views about this Civil War system,
我们暂且叫它“混合制”，强制征兵+市场交易
call it the hybrid system, conscription but with a buyout provision.
多少人认为这是一个公平的制度
How many think it was a just system?
多少人会捍卫南北战争时实施的这一制度？
How many would defend the Civil War system?
有人吗？还有吗？
Anybody? Anybody else?
多少人认为这是不公正的？
How many think it was unjust?
你们中大多数人不喜欢这一制度
Most of you don't like the Civil War system,
你们认为这是不公正的
you think it's unjust.
我们来听听反对的声音。你为什么不喜欢它？
Let's hear an objection. Why don't you like it?
这有什么不好呢？请
What's wrong with it? Yes.
支付300美元，就豁免一次
Well, by paying $300 to be exempt one time around,
你其实是在用金钱，来衡量生命的价值
you're really putting a price on valuing human life
我们之前确定了，人的生命很难用金钱衡量
and we established earlier, that's really hard to do
因此，他们是在完成不可行的事情
so they're trying to accomplish something that really isn't feasible.
因此，支付300、500或1000美元
Good. So paying someone $300 or $500 or $1,000 –
你实质上是在衡量他们生命的价值
You're basically saying that's what their life is worth to you.
这就是他们生命的价格，这是在给他们的生命标价
That's what their life is worth, it's putting a dollar value on life.
-很好，你叫什么名字？-Liz
That's good. What's your name? -Liz.
Liz
Liz.
那么，谁能回答Liz的问题
Well, who has an answer for Liz.
你要为这个征兵制辩护，你会怎么说？
You defended the Civil War system, what do you say?
如果你不喜欢价格，那么你有选择是否
If you don't like the price then you have the freedom
被雇佣的自由。这完全取决于你
to not be sold or hired so it's completely up to you.
我不认为，为你贴上特定的价格是必须的
I don't think it's necessarily putting a specific price
如果这是他自己贴上去的，我不认为这
on you and if it's done by himself, I don't think there's anything
在道义上，有什么错误
that's really morally wrong with that.
而那个收下了500美元的人
So the person who takes the $500,
我们可以说，他是在对自己的生命估价
let's say, he's putting his own price on his life
或者在为自己生命的风险估价，
or on the risk of his life and he should have the freedom
他有选择那样做的自由
to choose to do that.
没错
Exactly.
你叫什么名字？- Jason
What's your name? - Jason.
Jason，谢谢你现在我们要听听
Jason. Thank you. Now we need to hear
另一个批评者的意见，请
from another critic of the civil war system. Yes.
对那些低收入者而言，这是几乎就是一种强制
It's a kind of coercion almost, people who have lower incomes,
对卡内基来说，他完全可以不理会这次征兵。300美元对他而言
for Carnegie he can totally ignore the draft, $300 is an irrelevant
是小数字。但对那些低收入者而言
in terms of his income but someone of a lower income,
他们基本上是强迫被征召
they're essentially being coerced to draft, to be drafted,
很可能，他们找不到人来顶替
it's probably they're not able to find a replacement.
告诉我你的名字
Tell me your name.
Sam.
Sam
Sam，你说的是Sam，如果一个贫穷的劳动者
Sam. All right so you say, Sam, that when a poor laborer
为了300美元，而参加内战，他实际上是被强迫的
accepts $300 to fight in the Civil War, he is in effect being coerced
鉴于他的经济状况
by that money given his economic circumstances
而卡内基可以置身事外，付钱就不用服兵役
whereas Carnegie can go off, pay the money, and not serve.
好吧，我想听听其他人对Sam的回复
Alright. I want to hear someone who has a reply to Sam's argument,
这个看起来是自由交易，但实际上是某种形式的强迫
that what looks like a free exchange is actually coercive.
谁能回答Sam的问题，请
Who has an answer to Sam? Go ahead.
其实我同意Sam的说法
I'd actually agree with him in saying that –
你同意Sam
You agree with Sam.
我同意他说，正是因为强迫，抢走了我们的理智
I agree with him in saying that it is coercion in the sense that it robs individual of his ability to reason.
好的，你叫什么名字？
Okay, and what's your name?
Raul
Raul.
好了，那么Raul和Sam一致认为
All right. So Raul and Sam agree that what looks
看起来像是自由交易、自由选择、自愿的行为
like a free exchange, free choice, voluntary act
其实有强迫的因素在里面
actually involves coercion.
这是一种最为恶劣的极度强迫
It's profound coercion of the worst kind
因为征兵的任务，不来成比例地落到了社会的某个阶层
because it falls so disproportionately upon one segment of the society.
很好，那么Raul和Sam得出了一个强有力的观点
Good. Alright. So Raul and Sam have made a powerful point.
谁愿意对此进行回应？
Who would like to reply?
谁能回答Raul和Sam？
Who has an answer for Sam and Raul? Go ahead.
我不认为这个招兵体系
I don't think that these drafting systems
