N0/f&T`O`Qf[`NvT Neb
N/f NyUS~baLv
T~ 00
[*N b^vT{HhY Nb\ybaLvT~:NNTf[`N
0a s s o c i a t i v e l e a r n i n g 0 bN\ NNNNS NNNNvTT bN]~X[(W
v|~-N g$N~]~X[(Wv z bN(W$NKNR Q N*N{USvT~0
NN[b _ gHev`wS Nyvf[`N N,S0g e n e r a l i s i n g 0
N ueS_bN
NNN(W$N*N]~X[(Wv|~baLT~ v^NR QfB\
!kv NNN` OYi[zS _Y\$NSrN$N*NgTT FO/fv^l gN u
Nvi_ FO/f@wTTfY~v$NNNv z-N 0RNgy z^ QNNP/fT
/g N7hNvi_1\N uN ['YYpevNN 8^S~NNQ*N{|
OP[ NN1\0R N,SN N0RN`-NvqQ TV }0
NOI{vRir-NvNOI{v|~teSO ;Nvf[`Ne_:NT`!j_
N{|-N ajfvN wwega/fN N,SSXdSegf[`N0
,{Nz
bbSNT a
bN&qp-Ne~_zf|~NQ[[NNScSN&Tv|~0Q\
bb XRNTvR/fP w-N_v NN Nz-NcON$NN8nbvb_
_~`N (uegXR`O(W Nebvb] bNLve_HQN N,vS _Y
6qT[e`O]vS 6qT[S NNv*NNS hQNe8^ve_L
6qTMbNk 0P w
0ve_L bN~`NvvhO_[vkyS
[hQvcS 6qT N|R*N+RyNvf:ycS0
Te_N(W;mSvbb|~N;mSvNT|~$NKNv
N TKNY0[e
T]NT a^v^zv^*gcOyr+Rv~`N V:N`O(WHQMRv~`NKNT @w
Q*NYvegScQ`O@bZP0Rv z^ bN:NB\!kvNT`P wv
RR0S[bv wN FO/fv~vNT(W`O]NNNKN_6qvN
u wegtS/fgy)YKvyr(0
Nz-N;N(WYpeNNX[(Wvg Nyrk|~ONNbb+RNv
f:yb}TNv|~ S_gN@w[`Oc gy`O
N virT b@w
g`O@b
N
TavgN bBl`OSZPgN
N?aaZPvNe `O^[]v N|~v;m
R g@b[Mb/f0
^\evS_B\!kv|~ SbY!k|~v~T S gSS^
0
N00FO/f
N N[hQeg Z^- pgYe0W i l l i a m J a m e s 0 _tf[KN6r
0R TaS&TX蕄v _ (WyLR-N`S g_v0WMO !kv/f
ovyR 1uS-NsQ;TT]p r i n c i p l e o f p s y c h o l o g y V O L 1 C H A P T E R i!^b*NNSsS_b[@b,T0RvN` abbe eP'YYpev'} _
bv
:Nbbv`l@bo;m vSvb__X[(We:ONbb0
b(ubb0R e s i s t a n c e 0*NW[
0r e f u s a l 00
NcS0n o n a c c e p t a n c e 002_0d e f e n s i v e n e s s 0I{W[
(u`Pbb/f NGbsQv0z@wv2u0b@wvfkhV0z4bvbwQ0Plxv
R0eQXQI{I{& 0
W,g
N Yg[ebbv `O`[e gNUOv9eS_V `OS
@wN[eNeg`9eSyYv_a FO/fyZPlvHegS/ffRo;mNb
bv`lN a 8^`OS`@wNNNN ufYvNTeg_bR sSO/f
y`Q wweg`ObN SNgNva_
gyY FO/fyYaO6q `Ov^
l gRlN umENv9eS0
sNP w(ue_
NR:_v9eSNir V Q\bb|~v;mRR1\
b:NP w;Nvyr_ Sybb|~;mR `O1\lRlS_U\0
v[ebb SyKN:NzN0o b d i e n c e 0 :_(We
gNeNN@b2k by
KN:NNT asT@wgN[gNN uTV PNezNvQ@b?a t`
N bk ^
g g N*NW[
0e n r a p p o r t
0 O~
N(ueP w^N[aKNvN[sQ| dksQ|SU\0RT
_PNavu_MRvf:y (Wy`Q O g
gN zNva ` Vdk b(W
:NNeO (u 0NT
0v*NW[egZP:NN 0b
0v[va `0
bNHQ w N*Nk)Y gvck8^rQ (WyrQ N bbNNTKNs^a
1\/f 0-N.Y
0 rQ1\/fc XTN~[ (WNUO .UvfN-N `OSN w0RSS
0nxOVT{vvh:N/fv0 1uS Nebeg w NFO~[ _Y0
N0e
_ gS N!kv .U1\1Y%N Vdk}Yvc XT8^)R(u_AmEuv g
/f g}Yv0 0 g}Y Ta`O_0R_PNvN0 I{I{y N{|v QNN
O_0R0/f0vS^ k*N0/f01\/f~[SHQvbbN_~gRv:g
O0
Yg(WS Ny`Q c XTvc1\ _YP Nbvl0`O N[pN*N0
1\ g_'Yv:gsO_0R0
Nb
N0vS^ O_bb|~v`l0 a
0L:N;mSN0
ddkKNY NMO}Yv .UXT8^[ N NkvbbQ\SNTXRv_FQ^8^
vOe a N*NN[v_{b/fY w 1\/f_EQR Yvc:y [eN u0/f0
b0
N0vS^0_~_v~g_b/f'} _b/fXvb/f|T8TvSS
I{N~v[v^N0O N/fkY NN0/f0b0
N0vS^_
FQ0
gT S_6qc XT(uN_PZP:N NyV O_yYbN_Yv9eSeg
XR0/f0v^Q\0
N0vS^egXR;mSNTv^O_bb\Pbk0
Yg`OQYNNP wb/fP wlu*NLN `O1\ SU\dky{|
]0
Vdk Nz-N g NN{USv~`N 1\P/f8nb N7h `O g}Y=\SN
N Tv
gS~`NaYa}Y0]
~`N N.
,{ N*N8nb:Nk)Y`O(WNUO0Wpegs Ns kpf
N0R'T-NbNUO0W
e *N8nb:N)R(u N,l gyr+RNy,g(vS(uegS_ gSv Ta gSS
{USvVT{0/f0b0
N0bp4YbGd4Y0
Nb/f NNOP[
0N)Y)YlvS_v}Y/ Q/ p00
0b`bN(W?Q'Yi]~PWN_2 0 RN00
0(W g N*NoplqmpN00
y8nbv`l1\/f`OHxQWv gsQs(WvN[ S N*NNtSel
N
Ta `OOSsv^
N *YYv~`N`O1\Oq~ S_`O YN`O~`Nv[a_
_vL1 0 *N N{|vH _0R Ta 1\{/f]~ N*N~`NN0
Yg`O(WlQOv:WT `OSOkU"k$NNnAmL8nb `ON gSNv
nAmHSP[0
N~av (WlQ _v:WT-N `OOSsS u(W$NMOL uNXKNvYv>y
N 1\/f Nyb__] g\(WV/fYdk^ YgbN NN|_dk Ta
v [1\Q\bv4ls^ _N1\/f:NNHNlPv(WV/fHNv g
(uY0
~`NN.
,{N*N~`N/f w w`O[e]vH gY\
NO(W gS_0R bv
S^ 8^yY/ Nv^
NO[e`O[]vHh:y
N^ T FO/fBlNNkS_`O
NN`O]vNO_wgN
N_b bS^b/fNNUS~v
N TaveP 1\
fnxvcQeg0
QNN N[O Tav NNSvOP[
0N)Yb_vS_vp/ Q00
0b w ^go'YX NN00
0bz@w Nagev[rN00
v[v NRvSOP[1\O_wbb
0bvfP[/f g}Yv00
0b_b/f
N ^P~sYNvi`ir00
0)Yb[v_%N b_eUTTN00
(Wte*Nv z-N `O^
NO_NcSv NN gsQ]vS_ 0
01 0 *NcSvSvhQvS_v[f b^ Ny~`Nv;Nt1u/f
TTb[vQNN gsQSv~gv[gq0
`ObOSs N*NKm1\_YN]~1 0 !kcSvH
^ T7hv gSZP*Nh:y](u
Nb/fGd4Y^
NSh:y
N Ta`OvS T
e_Nh:yyY/ N_`O:ONa _[Qegv bvS^ ckbvS^_N
p`S_vhsQeg Ygl gS^ gS(WN/ yYvS^KNs^aN *NS
1\
N{pe0
0RN*N6k `O^][0R1u gSvS^`O_0R
NS/f0/f0b
0
N0vS^ ] `O0O vX04Y萨R\Ov'Y\0_ba bvQN
SO 1\] Y`O`PyS^/f :_pv^ T _[v/f {_v/fb
R:_v/f *gQ[ R:_v
N {_v
N [v
N :_pv
N :SRb:N]Ny
z^ [NNvvv/f:NN_[`Oyf bv Tek
[hQv0
Nb/f NNSS uvOP[
0`Ov
TW[/fs=N0][v/f^0
0N)Y`O@b:d&^v/f_}YvňY0]{_v/f^0
0`O wweg/fvS_v>e~g0]R:_v/f^0
0bbeSbL`O N[_^x^NN/fbZPv
N/f`O0]:_pv/f^0
0@bN`Ov^
N ggn0R]0]:_pv/f^0
0[`O S
kё0]:_pv/f^0
0`O ^gkZWcN0]lS^^0
0k*NN:N`O_N
Nw0][v
N^0
0`O g_Yv gS0]R:_v/f^0
0FO/f`OU"kfYv gS0][v/f^0
1 0 *NSSP[-N g8 *N/f N*N
N N*NeHevS^ S_`OT+RN Nws
*N8nbe `OOSsgNN N _YveP\_v(u NNHY0`Ov
T
W[/f& & 00`Ov
T N{|SP[1\Onn
NN eQk6qvO!j_0
bSN g(Wg NMOyr[vNXv
N `O\OSs/fyYNk`O
]b/f^yr[NN0RhQ_YN t1u(We*NNvbb|~v[
e gsQv^T;eQN^yr[vSvk6q[MRkf0Vdk`O1\
_[f/TR N{|v:g6R FO/f`O Te_NOSsgNNkvQNvNk[f
gNgzvNN]c XTv g1r^QNN[`O@bv'Yl g_ SY
NNN S`O0R gsQyYNvSR QNN
N^ T0
gzfgavON0RN8nb
NNN/f:NN}YsSYevvv Te_N/f
X`O(Wk)Yv`Q N[NNv>yNb]v_hvel]S g?aaNg NMO
9h,g1\elbOOpvNXlbT ^ D&^v `Os(W gN*N_}Yv
S SN(W[Ob/fZO-NpTgNv^N0bck(WLgyS z [N
N[1 0 *NSvS^ `O?aaOSRbT `OS[bvh:y/fb
N1\S
NN00]S_6q`OSNHQQY NN^ QNNl g(W'Yf[vf[ u(Wy8n
b-N0R_}Yv z^ wegIQ4jm9cN y8nbOyY/ NN u;mf}Y
NUOvf[bw s(WbN\yk)YSN(uvb]{|
P wvQ[-N @bNN Nv~`N/fcO~P wvf[`N(uv ~b N*N%Y4O~`N
N(WlQ _v:WT0
b`Ola NbvS /fsNvP w^@bv 0[
0-NxQWvR
0S_`OQY}Ye b ^g`Ola)Yg
Nvg Np00]\Pv^I{P v0RN u
S^0^0
0S_`O\
e~ghQ00]\P^0
0`Ov _Y a0R~g_N00]\P gS wS_~g_ev{_R\O O
_bN~~ N*NS0^
0[Nbabav_aega>e~gN00]\P^
0keQ `O~~Oc@wV[v0s(Wb`OvKb>e~gN00]\P^
0babavaega>e~gN00]\P^
0`Ov0 g Npp0Qeg b`Ov|T8TQ>e~g NN00]\P^
0|T8TS_aegam baN00]SKNMR ]~[0RdkyS^N0\P^
0`Ov
NN00]\P^
0FO/f Te `O~~vOcV[vcO7hv[ MOP w^ZPv
N la0R[7b~_v~"} Vdk
[7b[NS9h,g1\l gNUOvbb Yg`O:N*N_[f HN`Oeg w w
Nb1u NMO Rf[@b(uv,g [vYSvQ[0lvN_S
bb bOcQ NNSN ue[7bQ_v`l0
0Nvg Np00][7b:Ro V:N@bpvaINv^
NnZi
N*YfkeN0^
0`Ove~g00][7buel gQ[
wT NpbTv^N
NPNa(u0O0*NW[0`Ov>e~gN00][7b`0
NlbT0^
0[N^8^lv^N~g_00][7b`0`O*NN we_ v^Ny>e~g]*NASNkQCSbTr^VHN%` 0^
0v^N`OelyR`Ov/fobNb/g w]R00^
0s(W`OvKb]~^8^v>e~g aw@wN a_l00][7b`0s(WS
egbvKb_N v^Nb Np_Nl g a0Rawa0 w"0^
0`Ov0`OvI{& &
*NOP[1\fv_nZiN (W,g-N /f|vO(u NNi_ N
_YvbbS^ NQ3z[v/}y 1\O_S bpvbb _ gb]v(u
{|HN`O`HNegf[`Nyb]bT ;N 1\Pf[`NvQNvTyb] N
7h 1\/fS~`NZP[ b^ Nbv~`N1\P/fHQMRZPv N7h NMOf[ unb
oP w^ S NMOf[ ub/f gSZP:N[7b R_{USN[f :NNON`US~
S YgP w^N NNyY
N Tab
N
gb/fNN_
N w[v [7bc
:y1\R NRKbcb/fGd4Y /f[S_ a`b/f Ta 1\RS NSKbvKbc
b/fp4Y S_`O(W[ NNNNvte*N[ z-Nl g_wbbvSe 1\
NKm0S_6q gt`v`Q1\/f_0R/fvo` _NS_6qv1\/f gNS9h
,g1\l gNUOS^0
Nb/f N*N w[ u;m-N:ON~eLvek kSSTb g0/f00b
0
N00 1u[aNKbcc:yegJT`O `OSN w0R Rf[YUOv%_e
0`Os(W_>e~gN00]
N^
0`Os(Wl g>e~g00]/f^
0FO/fI{ NO?Q`O1\O>e~g00]eS^^
0`Os(W_
gv@w00]/f^
0_}Y`OO_aega00]/f^
0s(W`O]~>e~gN00]N O ^
0s(W`O gR]~>e~gN00]/f^
0`O\Oaega>e~g00]/f^
0s(W`P](Wwm `O(Wwmn
NNS@w>e~g00]
N^
1\P
Nb@bSv `OSeu:N~`N 1\ Y$Re0/f00S0
N00S^
vcpe egf Nekv_[`O f[ uT g
N Tvyr( FO/fbcQ$N*N g8^r
v:N N. Lv*Y_0vQ!k:N9*YYvlae,gv`l
N/f[`Oe
/gv[a0
HN`O (uTySP[bT `OSN(u
Nb@bSvSP[ b/f (u NN(WMR
bz-NN~v[ek b NN(W+RY~b0Rv u NN]v`l0
[leg _Y~`N0
Vs
S_`OZPNN~`NKNT `O1\ gReg aQN Nb@bfv NNN[
k!k`O_0RckTS^v Te `O_NQ\N_zf-Nvbbv;mR *N|~a
N
;mR [fO_vQ!kvSbb yN[ _[QS N*N0/f00v
S^ O_[af[Y f NekvcS Vdk`O[E
N]eQNVs-N
(WvQ-N `Ovvh(We_^vQ\bb g~ 1uedkyve_`O0RQNNN
UONcSv6k dky`Q_N1\/fP w:N N,N@bwSfv Nb0
_N1\/f:NNHN`O_{~1 0 *NScSvt1u NFO`O0RN
dk N z^ SN gOaega[fN0]`OSNSP wluv,{AS Nz-N gsQ
VsvfYDe^
~`N N.
ZP:N gT N*N~`N [O`O g_P wluKNQ Nek b ^g`O w w
]L0RNHN7hv z^ (Wv`l/f gsQ gSvckbS gY\_
NNKbcb/fp4Yb/fNUOvQNHQ~[}Yve_egh:ycSbb~ *N8nb/f
w w(u[yYNckbvS `OU\0RNHN z^ gevS_vV V:N'Y
YpevbN]f[ONbbScS[bN]}YvS :NNHN V:NbN]`Nw
? KN8^1\/f(uegZP:N Ny1ubNBlSgyN0irvKbk0
Nb1\/f NNb@bvO0
0`O/f*N}Y7ui[00]\P^
0@bN
N(WNN`O _ _s`OveswQ00
0`Ovec
g w00]\P^
0N)Y0RbvOOYYUO 0
ge_NON ubb OYYg`OUS~v0`O/fNLu
N g=NvsYi[000`O
/fbwS gjfv7uN00 N,vS^/f0
N00
Nb:N NZgSOS uvOP[ FO/ftS_< w /f`O[*NN] gvS_
vv Nbv*N~`N\O^8^v g0
0Nhf`Oht`Ov4YS00]/f^
0_=Nv4YS00][v
N^
0`O_@wO{Q`Ov4YS00]babav/f^
0 wweg_}Y w00]babav/f^
0`OvS NyOp:N`Ov}^ a00]/f^
0S__{b/f'Y{e k*NN g8T_Rv00]/f^0_N1\/f`O wweg
HN8T_NvSVKN N00]babav/f^
0`O8T_Nv0We(W`Ov0^8^v w00]babav/f^
0kyEmv=N}Y_Y00]/f^
`O^Ss N{|vb]TMRb]~f[v^8^v{|lu `O\OSsYv gv(Wyv`b_ N `Ovvh gT[7bcS gsQyYN]kyYN NT][
8^^fckbv`^0
b@w`OBlyd[gNN`vP`` y`b_ N `Ovvh(WeO_[7b
v[eyYN]@bvOv ScSyYNv^
N`NN b`OSBlSOSRb
(Wy`Q `O8^OyYNcS0`O\8l
NQ8Tp00vf:y0(WY
v`Q N IQS/fUS~vSevf:y/f
N Yv `O_{ g|~vSZP SQNO
bKQ
g[7bvbb XR[7b[`OvO_ a0
Yg`O ^gf Nekv~`N b^Y N~~ZP{|v~`N v0R`O gN
*Ni_S_gy z^vf:ycS/fYHNv[f 6qTHQLP w[ KN
TQZP{|P w^N:N[O_`Q
N TN RvO_bbMNO RvO_[7bf
cSf:y bf[fcSS :NNHN
NN[ N NbT b[gNN k
vQNvNeg_ w b`OS_NEQRvb] O_f:y^ze N2Nv0/f0
vS^KNT ]_1\\N b9h,g1\esQe`O(ueHQ[N`0/f0vek
Ye~gb/f gsQ*NN a0`^b,g'`vSbT
b
N ^g`O[P wsavO_US~vegbb/fNUOyYNv `O g`O
]v wlT`l Sc"}~+RQ[
:NNHNbbbNT
MRbb]~
N~avN gsQNTTbb/f N*N|~v
N Tbb$Ny
N
Tv|~ FO/f[[(uvvv dk NB\!kvv^
N FO/f~8^[~bb
[vv[^v g:g|~/fy_}YvSR `OSSsS SU\ Nybbv;mR
|~ Yg Te gNTv;mR|~v i[z~[
NO gNUOa_bR:g[yYN
S^ KNT_N
N SU\NUO|~SOb][b
Np`S_vq_T0
FO/f(WdkYbS/fUS~v ^g`O`` gsQvN[ _N1\/f gS
NNNS/f
QNOgNvbb]2_^ /fS^z:_pv?agSS`b/fST\O _N1\/f(W
Nz-Nb@bvNT `O6qv(WYi[z
NSsyyr( yYN_;N
RN;mvSS`v^1uS^-Nf[`N v^NONv^!jNSNb/fiOv bN
_N wQK`1rvNN_6qv(W
NceSQyyr'` K`1r-NvN g_:_pv
RS[ gsQ1rNvNUON` v^N
NNNS/fcS N^O gKN 5uq_f f0
Lk fS NN gERvNN_6qv1\$UwCS0NN Ny{|JT;N1\/f)R(u N{|NNvyyr(egO yYvFUT YgRf f0pN
NSP[00 `O1\_[fcS*N S Ny`b_ N `OSe6qv1\b
~.U'XTvvcc 0
Yg`O_x^vwQYdky$Uw^'YNN N{|S^vNN_}Yv,gO_P wSP wlu[fYN0
e1\N uN0`Of[`N$UwdkyS^f[0RNHN z^ 0
b
NwST{Hh FO/f(W g NN[[7bv`lHQ _SS`k N*N
N [ gf>f*N'`S^o}Yv[7ba g8T_R [S N{|v^NS[T\Oe_
S^v[7ba
NwQ g8T_R [U"kfke {USN[a g8T_R R[1r}Y
=\[hQNvN1\atSON8T_R0
bv,{N*Np1\/f$UONv a g}Yvel1\/f`O@b gv 0LONv^N w0
1uNMRc b_0Rv~1\/fHQ g}Yve_1\/f=\]v@b
N/f
f[@wS!jNyYNve_ vQ!kZP:N N*Nlu^ _t gQYScS [gN
[7b +Rvlu^SfT SV:N[v)Y uvgN[7b_NkTe`O0]1\P,gfN[gNf[ uT +Rvf[ uR:N
SYvfNk}Y^
Yg`O ^g^KmHQMR`O[NT@bZPv z^ bO^`OS_`OZP
Nv~
`NKNT `OSN[`Ov%Y4O NN
0ZP0RUOy z^`OMb:NSN~k 0vS_v w
0fckbvS^ 0
0N/f:NNS`bT 0
0[bve_ `OZP N*N;`SO'`v0O)n SU NU"k
6q Qm dc6Rv r_v vQN 0
SY Ny[NT ^8^vV }1\/f[S_e`Ock(WLvN`vO
_ 9e*NV } gvelS/fUS~vO`OS_[ck(WNNvN`f}Y
Npege~`N _N1\/f,gfNN~`N:N[TvSV
