wP 0@bN `O+Rv*bNS_(N[0`OS7h[yY \ _JU bck(W
` `O/f
N/f.^b N*N_bT gяJU bla0RNR g*NXT]\RlQ(u
TbV[*c\Oy(u0`O_ bN`7hMb;bkyL:NbT
T7h Yg\ _/fn}vv yYSOcN^ v^N OV:N`Oz6qT
yY;Na a0RtQbTFOYgyYnx[wPN N `O\Ss yYOS_^8^
5 9
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
N6q yY_SOT`OO yY/f~[
NOZPyNv0 w/fcJU
N/f dk0We N~v$N [SeQ^T d^yY_ g< &TRyY wvr
N
@wb]urS0
w0R*Nb]Y gHeN'TQ w*NOP[0 N[;SbvL?e;N{ `u;Sb g
MO;S^
Nb`,T,T`va0b g*N TL yY(WS N[;SbZP yYs(WG0Rpp
yY_]Kb Nv g*N;S^(W
7h~b*N;S^ gp`S_bT
T7h /fl'Y+YrN T7hv N_N(W
f_^8^
N(W/flVN N9h,g1\l(WNN^ v^V:N`OTN[Bla a0RtQ0@bN
NNHNeP S
`O`wSgN/f
N/fZPNNHNN `OSN(u {|`O4x wv
V{eu'Yvp
~Neg*Nwe_tKm01\`O:NN g@bwvNNc*N *N
gf:y'` +RFdfN(Wc#N06qT `OS Km[NvS^ OS w
QN/f
N/f wv g@bw
,{ASNN[Tb ss /fNHN
6 0
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
N`HN w`O*NN `HN w`OQv;Na `HN w`O6RvR bN
`HN w`Ov [a & & U/fN we
N e
N=\ 1\}Y
NuT m`U`OV:N`OsS\b gy _/g 勀b][E
N|TN}YQ
*N_tf[St0s(WeG0RNHN`Q S`O_[e`Ov
N/fNv
ss *N:_kpRb]\O.^`Ov_ `O_Nv ww|p
N+RN?Q_ ss S wv_ V:N1\{`O_Nv
N
/fc_v `O_N
Nv*bNS_0WN(WN NNN_`vT4V]
vvQ[
N N7h ['T _/g `HN(ubT _{US `O_NbN
U"k`Ovg`0U"kgNI{I{KN{|0+RN w0YgN
NU"k HN`O_N
N_Q`7hWYNv w_N V:N`O
N/f]~_0RNv w_NT
NU"k
1\/f
NU"kV
NNNU"kN HN+RNN _N+R Nv<@wNN0S'YYpeNtS
@w `Onx[`OU"k wv KN{|vS N*NNO`HN7hbT NN
S
NO U s(Wb:N& & NNSOfRZWcNNHQMR U"k v
l0N`O b`_N
N'YSO_0RN wckv`lN0 w'T 'YYpeN1\/f
7hbN`~ d8xv
(u _/g `OOSsvQ[`OV^e@b(uvW[$NB\a ` N0`O TaNvpN0S
N`O_NvpX[(W9evzz
07h Neg N1\Y0WcQybN V:NN_`O ^gNHNZP0
6 1
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
_/g ;N(u0R$N*N_tf[V{eu N0 N'` sSN{| g `l/ N
v BlN0 gg sSNN__OgqNNv ggLN0(W,gfNvvQNz
[cNfY{E^ N'` N gg $N*Ni_0 Nb/fO(uKm_
b]vO
2 O NsQNev% g`
`Ov TNyYnx[U"k`OvcQve% g` S`O
Nnx[yY/f
N/f wv
U"k0
U"kb(We% g`cQvi_T
T{ S_6q[_ gRa
T /fT `HNZP`O 1r
N*Ng`bT
2 ONsQN N*NgvYN%
`O`wS`O?QP[/f
N/f w`SRNt^vYN%0
N*Ng1\SRYN% __&^RT
T{ /fJUO_ ga `
`HNZP `OO_YN% wv _&^RbT
2 O NsQNev2ug
`OU"kb9
Nev2ugT
T{ S_6q [ wweg:c}Y
`O_b`HNZP[ f hbT
6 2
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
`O wN V:N`OvnZi0W ON7hvOo``OwSN
Nl
g~[v[0 Np[e__S(u @bNNNvVT{_NOk-N
0@bNS`O
NQ'}v@w NN/f
N/fU"k *N v^N(W Np
NTOO
N>e NN1\O6q 6q0WfNNvp NekU\ _NNSHQ
v`l0w NP[NNv ss
N/f 0x 0W NXhQQeg
N
cd{^opGr
sQN*NNv b*NNv]\O yY/f`HN wvbT
=\{`O_
`wS S/f+R_N NN^ yY_N g_tSRT`O`HNO
_0R w_bT
N s(W_N
NbN0+RHN
NU"kT*NR
@T 0 N`/f`HNyY d8xv@T I{I{KN{|v`O_bc*Ne_
`OSNHN `OO`HNZPbT 0 /f`OegZPO gNHN
N T `
w Tbvyl bN
NQv@w +RNv/f^
N>e /f\lav
&qp_TN `HNZP N`ZP_f}Y
Nb0@bN`O wJU T7h/f`
_0R[ev
ss NN/fl
.^bN_bN`vOo`0
V{eu'Yvp
NbNU"k`Ovg`0U"kNHNNbNHN N}YN6qT`OS zO
QN_SN`HN9e1\LN0
6 3
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
,{ Nz NR,T`Ov
Nq_T+RN
NNNv`^0O_b`lS u9eSbT
N ubRN&TvsQ.1\(WNdk01\/fyr[_tV{euv(u `OSN
_bR0+R`jkNJU lN`OSd~+RN_bRkz $Nylv]
+R/f_'Yv0bNvO 'YYpeN_}YNN[0Uo0ck>m S_
6q _N
Ncdnx[X[(W NN
N*Y}YvN0,gfN\Ob`O `O
NQSNNv
d~0
NQNN)R(u0 ,gfNck/fWN7hvMRcS%c\O(uv0
N ~
T`O]v u;m[E`O_NwS bN8^8^OS0RP``0&qQv;x O_b
Nel:N]0:NNNZPN[vN0kY 'YYpeN`.^+RN V:NHN
ZPONN] a0R_PN0@bN`O w
N/f`O:_+RN NNH\NN
`Oa?a0,g\N~`7hNN_^~m}Yv`lT?ag6qAm2NN
.^R`O N`OT\O0
/f`Ov L>Nbk {f[NNNvL:NN`lP`O9eS][NN
L>Nbk 1\O9eSNN[`Ov`^NL:N01\HN{USNS
N/f u;m(W w
zzNNv ``L:N[^NNN@bYvNLu0`O9eSNNvNLu HN`O
\9eSNN[*NNLuvS^
`OSN9hnc[E`Q c gTvV{eu(u0`OS/f ^ggN.^`O Nb
HN,{ASN N[T{^.^_ 0
N /fHQ9eSgN[gNN
v wl HN`ON,{ASmQ }VvN9eS_a @wKbN0NV{eue
SUSrS%c\O(uSS~TvQ[z \O:N;`SOV{euv NRS%c\O(u0
6 4
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
,{AS NN[z;RLR
Nb:N`OcO N*NN1umQsT
N Tv_t o_ Mbv eP[ 0(uN
*N eP[ NT
N{NHNeP _N
N{G0Rv/fNHNN `OSNoRNN
SLRfU Nb1\:N`ON~7hv Rr V{eu S`Oe0WS_N
UONvOSR
1 . )\ bV
`OZPv,{ NNN/f(W@b g bFd(WNbMRKNMR )\vQ bvV0
8^^bNY~[e bvYO0W V:N/fY~N bYO0W N1\ N[
~b0R] gU"kv Ne~b0RN] gU"kv N1\ N[OSLRv06q
N[tSp`p`vSYg`O[e gepev b:gO NSP N*N_Nc
N
N
N0V:NlNU"kVsTy ]r v a bNS
NU"kNTQ"tx
]S_ R gl g bYO0W\ NN asT@wNSN_p?QZPQ[ v^N }Y
NTN_N
N'YO `MR`Tv N*NR(W?Qwz"tx T@T ]vQ[/f
N/f
[bT 0
g[W
Tv[O^ NN1\ZWc(W~['NASN\eKNT Mbb[
O0R;`lQS0:NNHNHNr^bT V:NNNSs ~vRKNmQASv~[
(W'Y-Tv N)YNQ OV0R[O^ Blfbc[OvrfU ^e
6 5
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
fU b/f[O
NbvVHh0*YYv bSONNNZPNQ[ NN__N/fON
NkQ N0W"tx U bRR [N
T 0@bN d^FUTv.UzNR_{NNvQ bYO0Wv'Y\ &TR+Rc
O Nyv bYO0W0$Ny/f gt`v/fv l_c _NON_
]v1uS0RNP6R NNbO)Kb)0FOS g_c T`S g Ny
bv:gO ON g NycCg0Sv a0NvO NR=\(WNv
cc-N0]~ Y
2 . [ gT gP
[ gT gP SNp-N[e NY_t {ktz oRNNSLR
l NyNRv}TYUO /fU\ _eg w0WZP /f)4lweMNN
w`O:NyNR[v]\O gP/fY\N0ck/f gHee g 0
gT gP Ne
NvP6R cRN*NNLuvL0V:N/f
l_zsSLRv 'YRNOV@w
NR0bN;`/fxxmm
I{agNS_fbqN I{Kb4YvDef拞[N I{bN]v_`f
}YN& & I{0R@b gNPYN bNMbOSLR01\/fN{|
v,g'`0@bN~[e N*NnZifnxv gT gPv^NNwSN
s(W 1\_{SLR V:NQZfNS1\l:gON0 Np^8^
l gT gPp-NNS NY_t {ktz sSbN
NU"k]v1uS
0RP6R0eNHNeP S gNJTbN bN
Nb gg*N N
6 6
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
b
NZPgNN N ~gbN_0R*N NbZPNN v?a
gS f:_p0@bN [ewSNNTSQ_Nl:gOSLR
N07hZPON_f'Yv~~MRvRR N zsSSLR
g N[_ g
Tv.U^ NNvZPltS
N Y[0NN(WN`nN
vFUTyvh4
N ].U vh~{0:NNHNHNZPbT S_6q gSV
S_bN w0R4 g ].U h~{vFUTe OOS\oavqO f`
_0RNFUT0N/fS_bNQSs
x]T ].U _a vFUT
e OOz;Rbc:gO cpN N0
l epevxvz~g_NhfN Np/f\v N /fNN@w5
0bbenx[ u;m-N`O N[G0R7hv`QS_g*N N ge
no0 gp蕄veP NNKN傛 *N N1\OS_aS0WN0
:NNHNbT :gOv'Yv^
N8l^e _*N Nckeg\0ck/f
7hvSV MbO_bN[*N NN uNfRpRv4ngJUbN:N
z gv NhN0w0ё0wl& & N}^x^y u;mv_
T tSKNNgvNN_\ 0`w}vёkё5 ёk}v5 k50:NN
HNbT uT bN_0RY\ Mb/fnx[[NN3 . (u`'`[_
[r`'`[_JTbNirSO RR`RYR`Y0b` b
SNQR NSN RR`RYR`Y0GPY`ObR
N{
6 7
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
/f utB\b/f_tB\bv N*NN N gg*NcknxveTv
S_6q `OSNHQN{US0 gvNir _Y HN N1\_S
O Nv cgq*NeT L NS0
:NNHNO7hbT V:NN{| g L:N N'` v:_p Bl0勆Wv
peyxvzGWnZi0W>f:y(u_tV }oSNNR:gveP /fYHN0W
gHexvzhf S_gNT{^N N*N\vBl .^N\_KNT g gS
QT{^ N*Nf'YvBl0*Nf'Yv_ Mb/fbN wck`N.^v0
N
/fl gMRbv\BlZPW HNTbv*N'YBl N/f
NOT{
^v V:NNlN[Bl N'` v\oaR:gJU
(uv/f iV{eu f o o t - i n - t h e - d o o r t e c h n i q u e sSNN(W
T{^N N*N\vBlKNT __OT{^f'YvBl0c Negvxvz\[
>PT\OwQSOc0F r e e d m a n a n d F r a s e r ( 1 9 6 6 t^) [SOO7b:gR
:N$N~0,{ N~OO7b vcBl(WvQMRbhz N*N'YWv \_~v b
Lr ~gS g~vRKNASNv Tas0S N~OO7b HQTvQcQ N*N\v
Bl(WvQz7b
N4 N*N N['Y\v ZP*N[hQv~vXT vh_ QNN
@b gvOO7bz;R Ta0Q f gT QTNOO7bcQ(WvQMRb[n N*N^
'YvbLr ~gtS_N~vRKNmQASN SP'`Ypev Tas0
S_bNTg*NeTQ N\ekveP bN1\O Taf'YvBlN[
Bl N'` v a0_{US N Ta _4 N[\h_vOO7b QXN
bi_NN(Wb[INRN ~vXT[hQ Nag0@bN`O
6 8
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
w T{^h N*Nf'YvbLr S
N/f(WZP NN]nxO gt1uSZP v
N0R>kKbNwS R>kv4YSR/f g[fb:NR>k[av /f
NKNMRf~PcvN
cd{^opGr
PNO[bNLR ^N ug'Yvq_T0M i l l i m a n ( 1 9 8 2 ) vxvzhf
(WBg'^d>ebaOYvPN XRN .U0V:NbaOYvPNO_~[
(W'gpRv ^_N>ebaN0Seg_N N7h _OYvPNONNv
LR(W
Nw
N-NR_0R o b a l l e y e t a l . ( 1 9 8 5 ) Ss (ued>e_OYv
PN OXRkRTVv!kpe0Vdk YgSv (uOY_v
PN\OofPN NXRSLRvllN%` a0
Nw`Ola0Rl g `O
/fbaaget0WgN N*N [e_N\baaget0WVT{SKNN6q0
/f`Ov%` a[N[ev^vL:N0 ^_ O[efm zsS
LR v_ a0@bN :NNXRaglRv~He
NY_N cc
4 . fnxh gg
gglR hfNN\ cgq`O[NNv ggLN0@bN `Ov
L_{vcfN0EQnO_S_6q `OSN(uS_vSO` 0@b
N
N/fT蕄veTpS /fbw N9h{ bSb*N5u `O
hsQ NyvO`^ V:NNN
cdk\OQS^ v^Sv^LR
bcS `O(uv
NNN/f eW[ `OSN(u`OvLR oS
6 9
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
[evLR0>NOeg Yg`O`gN@w`ONSW[ba ` HN
`O1\'Yek_MR +RV4YSnx[ N gl g
Neg 01\/f `Ov N
NL_{ O O_ N gg 7h [eMbOgqZP
5 . {SLR z^
NN/fYUOYtOo`vbT N Np^8^sQ.v}Y bNk*N
NYtOo`ve_v T0_T MRb0R `'`[_ JTbN^
N{US0fLvN`@wKb0s(WbN w w LRekvS N*N(u0
ZP]U"kvN`e bNgbLv/f US NNR ZP]
NU"kv
N` bNgbLv/f YNR 0NHNa `bT kY s(W`OYt
NX^US S`Ov^
NU"k*N]N HN`O(WP[/f`HNv{*N
] vbT `O_` U b_b@b gv^US~bQegFd0R Nw Q\[N
R+R{|b_QY}Y/ehy?|0hy0O\_(Wk*NO\
NQ}Y0W@W
b_kX}Y/ehy_~{ _/e& &
0w gbLvNR Y Y N
'TT /fx0RU"kZPvN`bT bNv'Y(W[LRekLQS
/f-0V[0ZPm01\HN{US @bN`OgbL US NNR 0
N
/f`OS NSS1\
NYN0ww ^pN Nc ~^'T ΘwSkN
T N'YXvxtvnm'T & & T `OOb@b gvN`{
S`O_gbL YNR 0
7 0
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
}Y
NNJS)Y NN N gNHN[Ev(ubT U 1\/f
Yg`O`gNzsS g@bLRv HN`O_NwS `ONZPv
NN{USeO0/f`;bkgNZPgNN HN`OS bZPNN@b
vk*NekJdJd _ teNNv z>f_Q0lR0v^NEQnNp
i;0 w w sSO/fv TvNR _NO`O g*b6q
N Tv aHNvzz
ON uNHN7hv abT SQNNR(WbN'YQSe SNN
HN7hve_0
6 . cOY)Rv
Nba& & g& & {|~_g b/f Yv5u-irv-N `O]
NSf_,T0RY\V
N{/f5u
05u .U /fb[b .U *N DRv4Y /f:Rom9L:Nv
NyHe]wQ0@bN >eKbS(unc0O FUNv-NO(u DRv4Y b
]KNT VscN~vRKN NASN0`O w m4Y :N[LRcONY
v)Rv SN:Rom9v^N Y)Rv/fNHN [m9L:Neg/fesQ'}
v0T [FU[eg TNV{eu N.^_e
NYO(u DRv4Y b]
N{NHN}YY T`
_
NS_NlsQ| :N[ecO N*NYv}YY ~p\:Ro NzsSS
LR0Y bNO gQoQT bObf P~`O(uv0 ;mr^[
b`OTZfm I{I{0vO*N_t]wQ@bwv\O(u O`O'YT N`
cd{^opGr
7 1
