茬爺绌跺缂栥�婃槑娓呰祫鏈富涔夌爺绌惰鏂囬泦銆嬶紙涓婃捣锛氫笂娴蜂汉姘戝嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�1981锛夌瓑銆傞粍瀹楁櫤锛圥hilip C. C. Huang锛夌殑銆婂崕鍖楀皬鍐滅粡娴庝笌绀句細鍙樺寲銆�(The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford University Press, 1985)鍒欏湪鍙︿竴鏂瑰悜涓婂杩欎竴璁ㄨ鐨勬垚鏋滀綔鍑轰簡鍥炲簲鍜屾柊鐨勮В閲娿�傚湪鎬濇兂鍙茬爺绌朵腑锛屼警澶栧簮涓荤紪鐨勩�婁腑鍥芥�濇兂閫氬彶銆嬶紝浠ュ強钀ц悙鐖躲�佽鑻忔皯銆婃槑娓呭惎钂欏鏈祦鍙樸�嬶紝锛堟矆闃筹細杈藉畞鏁欒偛鍑虹増绀撅紝1995锛夌瓑閮芥浘鍦ㄥぇ鑷寸浉杩戠殑鏂瑰悜涓婇槓杩拌繖涓�闂銆傛澶栵紝鍦ㄣ�婄孩妤兼ⅵ銆嬬爺绌躲�併�婇噾鐡舵銆嬬爺绌朵腑锛屾槑娓呰祫鏈富涔夎悓鑺戒篃鏋勬垚浜嗛噸瑕佺殑鍙欒堪鍥犵礌銆�
11 椹厠鏂烽煢浼細銆婂剴鏁欎笌閬撴暀銆嬶紝鍗椾含锛氭睙鑻忎汉姘戝嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�1993銆傛湁鍏抽煢浼殑鐞嗘�у寲瑙嗛噹涓庝粬瀵逛腑鍥藉巻鍙茬殑鍙欒堪鐨勫垎鏋愶紝鍙傝鎷欐枃銆婇煢浼笌涓浗鐨勭幇浠ｆ�ч棶棰樸�嬶紝瑙併�婃豹鏅栬嚜閫夐泦銆嬶紝妗傛灄锛氬箍瑗垮笀鑼冨ぇ瀛﹀嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�1998銆�
12褰撹繖浜涘熀鏈璁剧Щ鍏ュ杩戜唬涓浗鎴栧綋浠ｄ腑鍥界殑鍗辨満鐨勮В璇绘椂锛屼竴浜涗笉瑷�鑰屽柣鐨勭粨璁轰究鍦ㄤ笉鍚岀殑璇涓诞鐜板嚭鏉ワ細绗竴锛屼腑鍥界殑鐜颁唬鎬у嵄鏈轰笌涓浗鑳藉惁浣滀负缁熶竴鍥藉瀛樺湪鏈夌潃瀵嗗垏鐨勫叧绯伙紱绗簩锛屼腑鍥界殑鍗辨満涓嶆槸鏌愮鍒跺害鎴栨剰璇嗗舰鎬佺殑鍗辨満锛堝鍏变骇涓讳箟鎴栬祫鏈富涔夛級锛岃�屾槸涓�绉嶆秹鍙婁腑鍥界ぞ浼氱殑鍚勪釜灞傞潰鐨勬�讳綋鎬у嵄鏈猴紱绗笁锛屽嵄鏈虹殑鍚勪釜鏂归潰瀛樺湪鐫�鍐呭湪鐨勮仈绯伙紝鍗冲畠浠鏍逛簬涓浗鐨勫巻鍙叉垨鑰呰繃鍘伙紝浠庤�屽浜庝腑鍥芥潵璇达紝鎽嗚劚鍗辨満鐨勫敮涓�閬撹矾灏辨槸涓庤嚜宸辩殑杩囧幓瀹炶鏈�涓哄交搴曠殑鍐宠銆備笂杩颁笁涓柟闈㈢浉浜掕仈绯伙紝鏋勭瓚浜嗕腑鍥藉嵄鏈虹殑鈥滄�讳綋鎬р�濓紝骞舵渶缁堣褰掔粨涓哄寘缃椾竾璞＄殑鈥滆繃鍘烩�濓細鑷厛绉︽椂浠ｅ拰绉︽眽鏃朵唬鍗冲凡褰㈡垚骞跺湪鏃ュ悗涓嶆柇鎵╁紶鐨勪腑鍥戒笂灞傛枃鍖栤�斺�旂殗鏉冦�佸畼鍍氱郴缁熴�佹硶寰嬨�佸畻鏁欙紝浠ュ強鍚勭鍙楀埌涓婂眰鏂囧寲娴告煋銆佷镜铓�鐨勫ぇ浼楁枃鍖栵紝鍏跺熀鏈壒寰佸氨鏄笓鍒讹紙浠庣Е濮嬬殗鍒版瘺娉戒笢鐨勪腑澶泦鏉冿級銆佷弗閰凤紙涓浗鍘嗗彶涓殑涓ュ垜宄绘硶锛夈�佸皝闂紙浠庡し澶忎箣杈ㄣ�佷竾閲岄暱鍩庡埌姣涙椂浠ｇ殑灏侀棴鏀跨瓥锛夊拰瀹樺儦浣撳埗锛堜粠绉戜妇鍒跺害銆佸畼鍍氫綋鍒跺埌搴炲ぇ鐨勫浗瀹舵満鍣級锛岀瓑绛夈��
13 瀹磶甯傚畾锛氥�婂畫鍏冩椂浠ｇ殑娉曞埗鍜屽鍒ゆ満鏋勩�嬶紝銆婃棩鏈鑰呯爺绌朵腑鍥藉彶璁鸿憲閫夎瘧銆嬶紙鍏級锛屽寳浜細涓崕涔﹀眬锛�1992锛岄〉271銆�
14 瀛旈鍔涳紙Philip Kuhn锛夊浜庡お骞冲ぉ鍥戒笌娓呬唬鍦版柟鍐涗簨鍖栫殑鐮旂┒寮�鍒涗簡涓浗鍙茬爺绌朵腑鐨勫湴鏂瑰彶鍙栧悜銆傛鍚庣編鍥戒腑鍥界爺绌朵腑鍑虹幇浜嗗ぇ閲忎互姹夊彛銆佹禉姹熴�佹睙鍗楃瓑鍦版柟涓轰腑蹇冪殑鍘嗗彶鐮旂┒銆�
15 姊佸惎瓒呫�佽儭閫傘�佷警澶栧簮銆佷綑鑻辨椂銆佽壘灏旀浖绛変汉鐨勫鏈珛鍦哄拰鏂规硶鍧囦笉涓�鑷达紝瀵逛簬鏄庢竻瀛︽湳鐨勮瘎浠蜂篃鏈夊緢澶у樊寮傦紝浣嗗湪灏嗘槑娓呰浆鍨嬬殑璁ㄨ鏀剧疆鍦ㄤ笌鐜颁唬鎬х浉鍏崇殑瑙嗛噹涔嬪唴锛屽嵈鏈夌潃鐩镐技涔嬪锛屽姊併�佽儭瀵规竻浠ｅ鏈殑瀹炶瘉鏂规硶鐨勬帹宕囷紝渚搴愬湪鍚挋涓讳箟鑼冪暣鍐呭鏄庢湯娓呭垵鎬濇疆鐨勭爺绌讹紝浣欒嫳鏃舵湁鍏虫槑娓呬箣闄呯殑澹晢浜掑姩鍜屽剴瀛﹁浆鍚戠殑璁ㄨ锛岃壘灏旀浖鍦ㄧぞ浼氬彶鑼冨洿鍐呭浠庣悊瀛﹀埌鏈村鐨勮浆鍙樼殑闃愰噴锛岄兘鐫�鐪间簬鏄庢竻鎬濇兂鍜屽鏈柟娉曠殑瑕佺礌涓庣幇浠ｆ��/璧勬湰涓讳箟鐨勫叧绯汇��
16 See Pamela Kyle Crossley, A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999, 浠ュ強Mark C. Elliott, 鈥淭he Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies,鈥� The Journal of Asian Studies 59, no.3 (August 2000): 603-646.
17 See Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York: American Geographical Society, 1940); Asia in a New World Order (New York: Foreign Policy Association, Incorporated, 1942).
18 渚嬪锛孌orothea Heuschert, 鈥淟egal Pluralism in the Qing Empire: Manchu Legislation for the Mongols,鈥� The International History Review 20, no. 2 (June 1998): 310-324.
19 Joseph F. Fletcher, Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia (Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum, 1995).
20 Mark C. Elliott, \"The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies,\" The Journal of Asian Studies 59, no.3 (August 2000): 603-646.
21 See Perdue, \"Boundaries, Maps, and Movement: Chinese, Russian, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Eurasia,\" The International History Review 20, no. 2 (June 1998): 263-286.
22 Mark Elvin, The Retreat of Elephants, chapter 8, Chinese Colonialism, forthcoming.
23 James L. Hevia, Cherishing Men From Afar (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).
24 渚嬪锛岀珷澶値鍦ㄥ弽婊℃皯鏃忎富涔夌殑妗嗘灦涓璁虹鏃忎笌涓浗鐨勫叧绯伙紝浠栨湁涓�绡囨枃绔犻涓恒�婁腑澶忎骸鍥戒簩鐧惧洓鍗佷簩骞寸邯蹇典細涔︺�嬶紝鏄庣‘鍦板皢鏁翠釜婊℃床缁熸不鏃舵湡瑙嗕负涓浗浜″浗鐨勫巻鍙叉椂鏈燂紝浠庤�屾嫆缁濇壙璁ゅ湪杩欎簩鐧惧洓鍗佷簩骞翠腑婊℃竻鐜嬫湞宸茬粡灏嗚嚜韬浆鍖栦负涓浗鐜嬫湞銆傝銆婄珷澶値鍏ㄩ泦銆嬶紙鍥涳級锛屼笂娴凤細涓婃捣浜烘皯鍑虹増绀撅紝1985, 椤�188-189銆�
25 Rebecca Karl, Staging the World: Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2002).
26 瀛熸偊鍦ㄥス鍗冲皢鍑虹増鐨勫崥澹鏂囦腑杩芥函浜嗘壃宸炪�佽嫃宸炵殑鍩庡競鏂囧寲瀵逛笂娴烽兘甯傛枃鍖栧舰鎴愮殑璐＄尞锛屼粠鑰屽皢涓婃捣鐮旂┒鏀剧疆鍦ㄤ竴绉嶆贩鏉傛�х殑鍏崇郴涔嬩腑鈥斺�旀墍璋撲袱澶у笣鍥戒箣闂粹�斺�旇瀵熶笂娴锋枃鍖栫殑鍐呭惈銆�
27 鍒樼锛氥�婅法璇檯瀹炶返銆嬶紝鍖椾含锛氫笁鑱斾功搴楋紝2002.
28 Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past: A Social and Economic Interpretation (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973), p. 17.
29瀛欒锛氥�婇缚搴嗗眳澹泦銆嬪嵎涔濓紝椤�21ab, 鏂囨笂闃佸洓搴撳叏涔︽湰銆傚張濡傦紝鐜嬪畨鐭筹細銆婁紶瀹堕泦銆嬪嵎鍗佸叚锛岄〉23b锛屻�婅祼鐨囧紵楂樺瘑閮＄帇闋佃緸鎭╁懡绗簩琛ㄤ笉鍏佹柇渚嗙珷鎵圭瓟銆嬶細鈥滅渷琛ㄥ叿涔嬬瀹楋紝绫诲笣鍥戒箣鐩涗华銆傗�濇枃娓婇榿鍥涘簱鍏ㄤ功銆�
30鐜嬪媰锛氥�婄帇瀛愬畨闆嗐�嬪嵎鍏紝椤�8b銆傛枃娓婇榿鍥涘簱鍏ㄤ功鏈��
31闄堟锛氥�婃嫳杈版ゼ璧嬪苟搴忋�嬶紝銆婂北瑗块�氬織銆嬪嵎浜岀櫨浜屽崄锛岄〉53b銆傛枃娓婇榿鍥涘簱鍏ㄤ功鏈��
32銆婂閭︾洿璧犵帇璨冲畧浣愮悊寮�娌冲簭銆嬶紝銆婂惔涓按鍒╁叏涔︺�嬪嵎浜屽崄涓夛紝椤�6a銆傛枃娓婇榿鍥涘簱鍏ㄤ功鏈��
33 瀹嬄烽槷閫告敞銆婁腑瑾�嬪嵎浜斻�婇棶鏄撶瘒銆嬮〉9b锛屾枃娓婇榿鍥涘簱鍏ㄤ功鏈��
34瀹嬄烽噴濂戝旦銆婇暋娲ラ泦銆嬪嵎鍏紝椤�2ab銆傛枃娓婇榿鍥涘簱鍏ㄤ功鏈��
35 榛勯渿锛氥�婇粌姘忔棩鎶勩�嬪嵎浜斿崄浜旓紝椤�11ab銆傛枃娓婇榿鍥涘簱鍏ㄤ功鏈��
36 Dominic Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 3. 鏃犺鏄湪缃楅┈鏃朵唬鎸囩О鍦ㄤ竴瀹氶鍦熻寖鍥村唴琛屼娇缁熸不鏉冪殑鏀挎不瀹炰綋鐨勫笣鍥斤紝杩樻槸鍦ㄤ腑涓栫邯鐨勬嫓鍗犲涵銆佷紛鏂叞鍜岃タ鏂瑰熀鐫ｆ暀涓栫晫绛夊湪瀹楁暀鎴栨枃鍖栫殑缁熶竴鎬у熀纭�涓婂缓绔嬭捣鏉ョ殑澶氭皯鏃忓笣鍥斤紝鐢氳嚦鍦�19涓栫邯鍚庢湡鑷�20涓栫邯娆ф床鍜岀編鍥界殑娴蜂笂甯濆浗绉伴湼涓栫晫涔嬫椂锛岃繖涓�姒傚康閮芥剰鍛崇潃寮虹洓銆佺箒鑽ｅ拰鍦ㄦ鍔涗笌鏂囧寲鍙岄噸鍩虹涓婄殑缁熶竴锛屼粠鑰屾槸涓�涓彈鍒版櫘閬嶈偗瀹氭垨缇℃厱鐨勮瘝銆傚惁鍒欙紝绔姏甯堟硶娆ф床鍒楀己鐨勬槑娌绘棩鏈�庝箞浼氳嚜绉颁负甯濆浗鍛紵鍦ㄤ汉浠殑鏃ュ父璇眹涓紝甯濆浗姒傚康鐨勮船鍊煎厛鏄笌瑗挎鍥藉瀵瑰ゥ鏂浖甯濆浗鐨勫啿绐佹湁鍏筹紝鑰屽悗鍒欏彈鍒扮撼绮瑰痉鍥藉垱寤虹殑绗笁甯濆浗(das Dritte Reich)鍙婂叾鐏骸鐨勫奖鍝嶃�傚湪绗簩娆′笘鐣屽ぇ鎴樹箣鍚庯紝杩欎竴鐢ㄤ簬鎻忚堪鈥滅鏃忎富涔夊笣鍥解�濈殑甯濆浗(Reich)姒傚康閬埌鏅亶鍦板斁寮冦�傚綋瑗挎柟绀句細灏嗚嫃鑱旂О涔嬩负甯濆浗鎴栭偑鎭跺笣鍥芥椂锛岃繖涓�姒傚康鎵�鎵胯浇鐨勫浜庡ゥ鏂浖甯濆浗銆佺涓夊笣鍥界殑鏁屾剰琚浆鍖栧埌浜嗕竴绉嶆剰璇嗗舰鎬佺殑鏂椾簤涔嬩腑锛屽苟鎴愪负瑗挎柟姘戜富杩涜鑷垜纭瘉鐨勫伐鍏枫��
37 1963骞达紝鑹炬．鏂寰�(S. N. Eisenstadt)鐨勩�婂笣鍥界殑鏀挎不浣撳埗銆�(The Political Systems of Empires)涓�涔﹀嚭鐗堬紝绗竴娆″皢甯濆浗浣滀负涓�绉嶄弗鏍肩殑鏀挎不浣撳埗绫诲瀷杩涜鍒嗘瀽锛屽姏鍥句粠涓�荤粨鍑烘皯鏃忊�斿浗瀹剁殑姘戜富涓庝笓鍒剁殑鍘嗗彶鎬ф牴婧愩�傚湪绀句細瀛︾殑瑙嗛噹鍐咃紝浠栧皢甯濆浗鍖哄垎涓轰笉鍚岀殑绫诲瀷锛屽叾涓笘琚埗甯濆浗鍜屼腑澶泦鏉冪殑瀹樺儦鍒跺笣鍥芥槸涓ょ鏈�涓轰富瑕佺殑鍒嗘瀽绫诲瀷锛屽墠鑰呬互鍙ゅ焹鍙娿�佸嵃鍔犮�侀樋鍏瑰彴鍏嬫垨浼楀鐨勫崡浜氱帇鍥戒负浠ｈ〃锛屽悗鑰呬互涓浗銆佺綏椹�佹嫓鍗犲涵銆佽惃妗戙�佷紛鏂叞鍝堥噷鍙戣甯濆浗浠ュ強娆ф床鏃╂湡缁濆涓讳箟鍥藉涓轰唬琛ㄣ�傝壘姘忔墍鍋氱殑鏄竴绉嶇粨鏋勫紡鐨勭ぞ浼氱被鍨嬪鍒嗘瀽锛屽叾涓寘鍚簡涓嶈█鑰屽柣鐨勫巻鍙茶蹇碉紝鍗冲笣鍥芥槸鍓嶆皯鏃忊�斿浗瀹剁殑鏅亶鐨勬斂娌荤粨鏋勩�傚敖绠¤繖鏄竴閮ㄦ瀬涓洪噸瑕佺殑绀句細瀛﹁憲浣滐紝浣嗗ぇ澶氭暟鍘嗗彶瀛﹀骞舵病鏈変弗鏍兼寜鐓ц繖涓�绀句細瀛﹀垎鏋愭ā鍨嬫潵鍙欒堪甯濆浗鍙叉垨浣跨敤甯濆浗姒傚康銆傝壘妫柉濉斿痉锛氥�婂笣鍥界殑鏀挎不浣撳埗銆嬶紝娌堝師銆佸紶鏃呭钩璇戯紝鍗楁槍锛氭睙瑗夸汉姘戝嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�1992銆�
38 灏ゅ皵鏍孤峰搱璐濋┈鏂細銆婁綍璋撴皯鏃忥紵銆嬶紝銆婂悗姘戞棌缁撴瀯銆嬶紝鏇瑰崼涓滆瘧锛屼笂娴凤細涓婃捣浜烘皯鍑虹増绀撅紝2002锛岄〉12銆�
39 Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso, 1979), p. 397. 涓瘧鏈紝浣╅噷路瀹夊痉妫�:銆婄粷瀵逛富涔夊浗瀹剁殑绯昏氨銆嬶紝鍒樺寳鎴愩�侀練鏅撳簞璇戯紝涓婃捣锛氫笂娴蜂汉姘戝嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2001锛岄〉427銆�
40瀹夊痉妫弿杩拌锛氣�滃埌浜嗗崄鍏笘绾紝闅忕潃娈栨皯寮�鍙戝拰鎵╁紶锛屾渶鍒濆悓鍦熷皵鍏舵帴瑙﹁�屽舰鎴愮殑瑙傚康锛屽湪鍦扮悊涓婄殑娑典箟瓒婃潵瓒婂悜涓滄墿灞曪紝鍏堟槸鎵╁ぇ鍒版尝鏂紝鐒跺悗鏄嵃搴︼紝鏈�鍚庢槸涓浗銆傞殢鐫�杩欑鍦扮悊娑典箟鐨勬墿澶э紝鏈�鍒濆湪鍦熷皵鍏跺彂鐜板拰灞�闄愪簬鍦熷皵鍏剁殑涓�缁勭壒寰佸氨閫愭笎鎴愪负涓�绉嶆櫘閬嶇殑姒傚康銆傛斂娌烩�樹笓鍒朵富涔夆�欑殑姒傚康鐢辨鑰岃癁鐢熲�︹�︹�� Ibid., p. 463. 涓瘧鏈紝椤�495銆�
41杩欓噷闇�瑕佸椹厠鎬濈殑璁鸿堪浣滀竴鐐圭壒娈婄殑璇存槑銆傚湪銆婃斂娌荤粡娴庡鎵瑰垽銆嬬殑搴忚█涓紝浠栨浘鎶婅タ娆х殑鍘嗗彶缁忛獙璇存垚鏄�滀汉绫�...绀句細缁忔祹褰㈡�佹紨杩涚殑鍑犱釜鏃朵唬\", 浣嗘槸杩欎釜搴忚█鑷�1859鍑虹増鍚庡湪椹厠鎬濈敓鍓嶆病鏈夊啀鐗堣繃锛屼粬涔熶粠鏉ユ病鏈夊湪鍏跺畠鍦版柟鎻愯繃杩欎竴鍚庢潵钁楀悕鐨勮寰嬨��1877骞达紝涓�浣嶄縿鍥藉鑰呮牴鎹�滈┈鍏嬫�濅富涔夌悊璁衡�濇彁鍑猴細涓轰簡鎽嗚劚淇勫浗灏佸缓绀句細锛屼縿鍥介渶瑕佸缓绔嬭祫鏈富涔夊埗搴︺�傞┈鍏嬫�濊锛氬湪浠栫殑钁椾綔涓紝浠朶"鍙笉杩囨兂鎻忚堪瑗挎鐨勮祫鏈富涔夌粡娴庡埗搴︿粠灏佸缓涓讳箟鍐呴儴鍑烘潵鐨勯�旂粡鈥濓紝缁濅笉鑳解�滄妸鎴戝叧浜庤タ娆ц祫鏈富涔夎捣婧愮殑鍘嗗彶姒傝堪褰诲簳鍙樻垚涓�鑸彂灞曢亾璺殑鍘嗗彶鍝插璁猴紝涓�鍒囨皯鏃忥紝涓嶇浠栦滑鎵�澶勭殑鍘嗗彶鐜濡備綍锛岄兘娉ㄥ畾瑕佽蛋杩欎釜閬撹矾鈥濓紝鈥滆繖鏍峰仛锛屼細缁欐垜杩囧鐨勫厜鑽ｏ紝鍚屾椂涔熶細缁欐垜杩囧鐨勪井杈便�傗�濄�婇┈鍏嬫�濇仼鏍兼柉鍏ㄩ泦銆嬶紝浜烘皯鍑虹増绀�1963骞寸増锛岀19鍗凤紝129-130椤点��
42 瀛熷痉鏂笭灏嗗笣鍥戒笌鑷劧鐜銆佸挨鍏舵槸鍦扮悊鐘舵�佺洿鎺ュ湴鍏宠仈璧锋潵锛屼粠鑰屾彁渚涗簡甯濆浗鍙欒堪鐨勪竴绉嶈嚜鐒剁殑鍩虹锛岃繖鍦ㄤ竴瀹氱▼搴︿笂涔熸槸閭ｄ釜鏃朵唬鏃ョ泭楂樻定鐨勭瀛﹀彊杩扮殑浜х墿銆備粬璇达細鈥滃湪浜氭床锛屼汉浠椂甯哥湅鍒颁竴浜涘ぇ甯濆浗锛氳繖绉嶅笣鍥藉湪娆ф床鏄粷瀵逛笉鑳藉瓨鍦ㄧ殑銆傝繖鏄洜涓烘垜浠墍鐭ラ亾鐨勪簹娲叉湁杈冨ぇ鐨勫钩鍘燂紱娴锋磱鎵�鍒掑垎鍑烘潵鐨勫尯鍩熷箍闃斿緱澶氾紱鑰屼笖瀹冪殑浣嶇疆鍋忓崡锛屾按娉夋瘮杈冨鏄撴陡绔紱灞辩嫳绉洩杈冨皯锛涙渤娴佷笉閭ｄ箞瀹斤紝缁欎汉鐨勯殰纰嶈緝灏戙�傚湪浜氭床锛屾潈鍔涘氨涓嶈兘涓嶈�佹槸涓撳埗鐨勪簡銆傚洜涓哄鏋滃ゴ褰圭殑缁熸不涓嶆槸鏋佺涓ラ叿鐨勮瘽锛屼究瑕佽繀閫熷舰鎴愪竴绉嶅壊鎹眬闈紝杩欏拰鍦扮悊鐨勬�ц川鏄笉鑳界浉瀹圭殑銆傚湪娆ф床锛屽ぉ鐒剁殑鍖哄煙鍒掑垎褰㈡垚浜嗚澶氫笉澶т笉灏忕殑鍥藉銆傚湪杩欎簺鍥藉閲岋紝娉曟不鍜屼繚鍥戒笉鏄牸鏍间笉鍏ョ殑锛涙硶娌绘槸寰堟湁鍒╀簬淇濆浗鐨勶紱鎵�浠ユ病鏈夋硶娌伙紝鍥藉渚垮皢鑵愬寲鍫曡惤锛岃�屽拰涓�鍒囬偦閭﹂兘涓嶈兘鐩告瘮銆傝繖灏辨槸鐖卞ソ鑷敱鐨勭壒鎬т箣鎵�浠ュ舰鎴愶紱鍥犱负鏈夎繖绉嶇壒鎬э紝鎵�浠ラ櫎浜嗛�氳繃鍟嗕笟鐨勮寰嬩笌鍒╃泭鑰屽锛屾瘡涓�涓湴鏂归兘鏋佷笉鏄撳緛鏈嶏紝鏋佷笉鏄撳悜澶栧姏灞堟湇銆傗�濄�婅娉曠殑绮剧銆嬩笂鍐岋紝椤�278銆�
43 鍚屼笂锛岄〉314銆�
44 Ibid., pp. 400, 412. 涓瘧鏈紝椤�430锛�441銆�
45 榛戞牸灏旓細銆婂巻鍙插摬瀛︺�嬶紝鐜嬮�犳椂璇戯紝涓婃捣锛氫笂娴蜂功搴楀嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�1999锛岄〉62-63銆�
46 鍚屼笂锛岄〉85銆�
47 鍚屼笂锛岄〉110-111銆�
48 鍏充簬鍗佷節涓栫邯鏀挎不缁忔祹瀛︿腑鐨勬椂闂撮棶棰橈紝鍙傝鎴戜负銆婂弽甯傚満鐨勮祫鏈富涔夈�嬩竴涔︽墍鍐欑殑瀵艰銆婄粡娴庡彶锛岃繕鏄斂娌荤粡娴庡锛熴�嬶紝瑙併�婂弽甯傚満鐨勮祫鏈富涔夈�嬶紝璁稿疂寮恒�佹笭鏁笢缂栵紝鍖椾含锛氫腑澶紪璇戝嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2000锛岄〉1-49銆�
49榛戞牸灏旓細銆婃硶鍝插鍘熺悊銆嬶紝鑼冩壃銆佸紶浼佹嘲璇戯紝鍖椾含锛氬晢鍔″嵃涔﹂锛�1995锛岄〉198銆�
50榛戞牸灏旓細銆婃硶鍝插鍘熺悊銆嬶紝椤�246銆�
51鍦�1821骞村彂琛ㄧ殑銆婃硶鍝插鍘熺悊銆�(The Philosophy of Right)涓�, 榛戞牸灏斿皢鏀挎不鍜岀ぞ浼氱粍缁囩殑鍙戝睍鍖哄垎涓轰笁涓樁娈碉紝鍗冲搴�佸競姘戠ぞ浼氬拰鍥藉鐨勫缓绔嬶紝鑰屽浗瀹跺垯鏄搴拰甯傛皯绀句細鐨勭患鍚堛�傗�滃競姘戠ぞ浼氭槸澶勫湪瀹跺涵鍜屽浗瀹朵箣闂寸殑宸埆鐨勯樁娈碉紝铏界劧瀹冪殑褰㈡垚姣斿浗瀹舵櫄銆傚叾瀹烇紝浣滀负宸埆鐨勯樁娈碉紝瀹冨繀椤讳互鍥藉涓哄墠鎻愶紝鑰屼负浜嗗珐鍥哄湴瀛樺湪锛屽畠涔熷繀椤绘湁涓�涓浗瀹朵綔涓虹嫭绔嬬殑涓滆タ鍦ㄥ畠闈㈠墠銆傗�濆悓涓婏紝椤�197銆�
52 20涓栫邯鏈彾寮�濮嬬殑鏈夊叧鈥滃巻鍙茬殑缁堢粨鈥濈殑浜夎鍙湁鏀剧疆鍦ㄨ繖涓�鍘嗗彶瑙傜殑鑴夌粶涓墠鑳借幏寰楀巻鍙叉�х殑鐞嗚В锛氱敱娆ф床鎵�浠ｈ〃鐨勮嚜鐢卞拰姘戜富鐨勫浗瀹剁悊蹇靛拰甯傛皯绀句細鎵�浠ｈ〃鐨勭敓浜у叧绯诲湪缁忚繃浜嗗悇绉嶅悇鏍风殑瀹為獙銆佹毚鏀垮拰铏氭棤涔嬪悗鏈�缁堝洖鍒拌嚜韬�傚弬瑙佸紬鍏拌タ鏂风灞憋細銆婂巻鍙茬殑缁堢粨銆嬶紝鍛煎拰娴╃壒锛氳繙鏂瑰嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�1998銆�
53 浜氬綋路鏂瘑锛氥�婂浗姘戣储瀵岀殑鎬ц川鍜屽師鍥犵殑鐮旂┒銆嬶紝涓嬪嵎锛屽寳浜細鍟嗗姟鍗颁功棣嗭紝1972,椤�254-284銆�
54 鍘勫唴鏂壒路鐩栧皵绾筹細銆婃皯鏃忎笌姘戞棌涓讳箟銆嬶紝 鍖椾含锛氫腑澶紪璇戝嚭鐗堢ぞ锛�2002, 椤�6銆�
55 浣╅噷路瀹夊痉妫細銆婄粷瀵逛富涔夊浗瀹剁殑绯昏氨銆�(Lineages of the Absolutist State, p. 473)锛岄〉503銆傚畨寰锋．瀵逛簹娲蹭簹缁嗕簹鐢熶骇鏂瑰紡鐨勮璁烘槸缁忓吀鎬х殑锛屼絾涓嶇煡浣曟晠锛屼粬娌℃湁鎻愬強鏂瘑鍜岃嫃鏍煎叞瀛︽淳瀵归粦鏍煎皵鍜岄┈鍏嬫�濈殑浜氭床姒傚康鐨勬瀬涓洪噸瑕佺殑褰卞搷銆�
56 Ibid., p. 463, 涓瘧鏈紝椤�495銆�
57 鍒楀畞锛氥�婁簹娲茬殑瑙夐啋銆嬶紝銆婂垪瀹侀�夐泦銆嬬2鍗凤紝浜烘皯鍑虹増绀撅紝1973锛岄〉447銆�
58 鍒楀畞锛氥�婅惤鍚庣殑娆ф床鍜屽厛杩涚殑浜氭床銆嬶紝銆婂垪瀹侀�夐泦銆嬬2鍗凤紝椤�449銆�
59 鍒楀畞锛氥�婁腑鍥界殑姘戜富涓讳箟鍜屾皯绮逛富涔夈�嬶紝銆婂垪瀹侀�夐泦銆嬬2鍗凤紝椤�423銆�
60 鍒楀畞锛氥�婁簹娲茬殑瑙夐啋銆嬶紝銆婂垪瀹侀�夐泦銆嬬2鍗凤紝椤�448, 447銆�
61 淇勫浗鐭ヨ瘑鍒嗗瓙鐨勬娲茶鍜屼簹娲茶鏄剧劧鍙楀埌瑗挎杩戜唬鏀挎不鍙戝睍鍜屽惎钂欒繍鍔ㄧ殑鍘嗗彶瑙傜殑褰卞搷銆傚湪鍒楀畞鐨勪娇鐢ㄤ腑锛屼簹娲茶繖涓�涓庝笓鍒朵富涔夋蹇靛瘑鍒囩浉鍏崇殑姒傚康鏄粠杩戜唬娆ф床鐨勫巻鍙茶鍜屾斂娌昏涓彂灞曡�屾潵鐨勩�傚叧浜庢柉鎷夊か涓讳箟涓庤タ娆т富涔夌殑璁烘垬锛屽弬瑙佸凹路鍒皵鍢夎�跺か锛氥�婁縿缃楁柉鎬濇兂銆嬬涓�銆佷簩绔狅紝闆锋案鐢熴�侀偙瀹堝璇戯紝鍖椾含锛氫笁鑱斾功搴楋紝1995, 椤�1-31, 32-70銆�
62 鍒楀畞锛氥�婁腑鍥界殑姘戜富涓讳箟鍜屾皯绮逛富涔夈�嬶紝銆婂垪瀹侀�夐泦銆嬬2鍗凤紝椤�428-429銆�
63 鍒楀畞锛氥�婅姘戞棌鑷喅鏉冦�嬶紝銆婂垪瀹侀�夐泦銆嬬浜屽嵎锛岄〉511-512銆�
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