好吧 关于努力
Alright, effort.
你知道...
You've got...
我知道得很少 很少一部分 但是差不多就这些了
I've got a few. I've got a few. But that's about it.
关于努力 你知道Rawls对此的回答是什么吗?
Effort, you know what Rawls's answer to that is?
即使是一些人所付出的努力
Even the effort that some people expend,
奋斗精神 职业道德
conscientious striving, the work ethic,
即使是努力本身 很大程度上也依赖于幸运的家庭环境
even effort depends a lot on fortunate family circumstances.
无论是你 还是我们 都不敢妄自邀功
For which you, we, can claim no credit.
让我们来做个调查吧 一个小调查
Let's do the test. Let's do a test here.
不要考虑经济阶层的问题 那些差异是很明显的
Never mind economic class, those differences are very significant.
把它们放在一边
Put those aside.
心理学家认为 出生顺序对于职业道德 奋斗 努力
Psychologists say that birth order makes a lot of difference
有着非常重要的作用
in work ethic, striving, effort.
这里有多少同学 请举手
How many here, raise your hand,
在座的各位 哪些同学的出生顺序是在前的
those of you here, who are first in birth order.
顺便说一句我也是
I am too by the way.
Mike 我看到你举了手
Mike, I noticed you raised your hand.
如果精英制度的理念就是
If the case for the meritocratic conception
付出应该得到回报
is that effort should be rewarded,
那么Rawls为什么没有提出一个观点 认为即使努力
doesn't Rawls have a point that even effort
奋斗 职业道德的塑造 都很大程度上取决于出生顺序的先后?
striving, work ethic is largely shaped even by birth order?
这是你们能决定的吗?
Is it your doing?
Mike 你能决定你是否能最先出生吗?
Mike, is it your doing that you were first in birth order?
为什么呢 Rawls说 当然不能
Then why, Rawls says, of course not.
那么 为什么生活中的收入 财富和机会
So why should income and wealth and opportunities in life
应该建立在道德观念的武断性上呢
be based on factors arbitrary from a moral point of view?
那就是他向当今自由市场社会
That's the challenge that he puts
提出的挑战 同样也是对
to market societies, but also
像我们一样待在教室里的人的挑战
to those of us at places like this.
这个问题我们下节课再继续讨论
A question to think about for next time.
“密纳法的猫头鹰 要等到黄昏，才会起飞”——黑格尔
The owl of Minerva spreads its wings only with the falling of the dusk. ---Hegel
“密纳法的猫头鹰”：希腊神话中智慧女神密纳法肩上的猫头鹰，是智慧和理性的体现。
猫头鹰的一个特点是在黄昏起飞。
黑格尔借这个譬喻说明“哲学的认识方式只是一种反思——意指跟随在事实背后后面的反复思考。”
上节课 我们做了一个有趣的民意测验 大家还记得吗?
We ended last time with that remarkable poll, do you remember?
关于出生顺序的民意测验
The poll about birth order.
有多少百分比的同学
What percentage of people
在这个教室里举起了手
in this room raised their hands,
说自己是最先出生的?
was it, to say that they were the first born?
75%或80%?
75, 80 percent?
这项数据的重要之处在哪里呢?
And what was the significance of that?
如果你在认真思考这些关于公平分配的理论
If you're thinking about these theories of distributive justice.
记住 我们是在讨论
Remember, we were discussing
三种不同的关于分配公平的理论
three different theories of distributive justice.
三种不同的针对以下问题的答案
Three different ways of answering the question,
"如何在生活中分配财富 机会
"How should income and wealth and opportunities
和其他一切美好的事物?"
and the good things in life, be distributed?"
到目前为止 我们看到了自由主义的答案
And so far we've looked at the libertarian answer.
它主张 分配所需的公平制度
That says, the just system of distribution
是一种可以保证自由贸易和自由市场经济的制度
is a system of free exchange, a free market economy.
这与形式平等的大背景相背离
Against a background of formal equality.
简单地说 就是工作和事业向所有人开放
Which simply means, that jobs and careers are open to anyone.
Rawls称 与贵族制度和等级制度相比
Rawls says that this represents an improvement
这代表着一次巨大的进步
over aristocratic and caste systems,
因为每个人都能竞争上岗
because everyone can compete for every job.
前途向有才能的人开放
Careers open to talents.
除此之外 要求分配公平也是
And beyond that, the just distribution is the one
自由贸易发展的结果之一
that results from free exchange.
自愿交易
Voluntary transactions.
分毫不差
No more, no less.
可是Rawls反对说 如果你拥有的只是形式主义的平等
Then Rawls argues, if all you have is formal equality,
比如工作向所有人开放
jobs open to everyone,
其结果也不会是公平的
the result is not going to be fair.
这只会有利于那些碰巧出生在
It will be biased in favor of those who happen to be born
富裕的家庭
to affluent families,
碰巧得益于良好的教育机会的人
who happen to have the benefit of good educational opportunities.
那样的话 出生的造化
And that accident of birth
就不仅仅只是分配人生机会的基本原则了
is not a just basis for distributing life chances.
所以 许多注意到这个不公平现象的人
And so, many people who notice this unfairness,
Rawls认为 重新采用了一种机会均等的分配体制
Rawls argues, are lead to embrace a system of fair equality of opportunity.
精英制度体系由此而建立
That leads to the meritocratic system.
强调机会均等
Fair equality of opportunity.
但是Rawls认为 如果你让每个人
But Rawls says, even if you bring everyone
都站在同一起跑线上
to the same starting point in the race,
将会发生什么? 谁才会是赢家?
what's going to happen? Who's going to win?
跑得最快的人
The fastest runners.
所以一旦你困扰于如何将分配份额
So once you're troubled by basing distributive shares
建立在道德武断性的突发事件上
on morally arbitrary contingencies,
你就应该 如果你已探究过的话
you should, if you reason it through,
坚决支持Ralws所提出的"民主构想"
be carried all the way to what Rawls calls, "the democratic conception".
一个以差异原则为基础的 平等主义色彩更为浓厚的
A more egalitarian conception of distributive justice
关于分配公平的构想
that he defines by the difference principle.
不过 他并没有提到 弥补或者改善
Now, he doesn't say that the only way to remedy
人们天生的才干与能力差异的唯一方法
or to compensate for differences in natural talents and abilities
就是追求某种 水平上的平等
is to have a kind of, leveling equality.
一个有保障的 结果的平等
A guaranteed equality of outcome.
但是他却认为
But he does say
还有另外一种方法可以处理这些突发事件
there's another way to deal with these contingencies.
人们可以从他们的好运中获得好处
People may gain, may benefit from their good fortune,
但条件是必须兼顾公平 帮助那些最不富裕的人
but only on terms that work to the advantage of the least well off.
因此 通过对当今社会出现的工资水平差异的思考
And so, we can test how this theory actually works
我们也许可以检验出这个理论的提出
by thinking about some paid differentials that arise
到底意义何在
in our society.
你们认为 美国学校教师的
What does the average school teacher make
平均工资是多少?
in the United States, do you suppose?
- 粗略估算 - 3万5千美元
- Roughly. - $35,000.
更多一些 是4万 4万2千美元
It's a little more, 40, $42,000.
David Letterman(著名脱口秀主持人)呢?
What about David Letterman?
你们认为David Letterman的工资是多少?
How much do you think David Letterman makes?
比一名学校教师更多吗?
More than a school teacher?
他的工资是3100万美元
$31 million. David Letterman.
那公平吗?
Is that fair?
一名主持人比一名教师的工资还高?
That David Letterman makes that much more than a school teacher?
Rawls的解读是
Well, Rawls's answer would be,
这取决于社会的基本结构是否以下列方式构成
it depends whether the basic structure of society is designed in such a way
即Letterman的3100万美元所交的税款
that Letterman's $31 million is subject to taxation
将这些款项的一部分用来
so that some of those earnings are taken
补偿最贫困的人的缺失
to work for the advantage of the least well off.
另一个关于工资差异的例子
One other example of a paid differential.
美国联邦最高法院的公平问题
A justice of the United States Supreme Court.
他们的工资是多少?
What do they make?
不足20万美元
It's just under $200,000.
我们以桑德拉·奥康纳法官为例 这是她的工资
Here's Sandra Day O'Connor, for example. There she is.
但是还有另外一位法官 她的工资远远超过
But there's another judge who makes a lot more
桑德拉·奥康纳法官
than Sandra Day O'Connor.
- 你们知道她是谁吗? - 法官朱蒂
- Do you know who it is? - Judge Judy.
Judy法官 你们怎么知道的?
Judge Judy. How did you know that?
你们看见了?
You watch?
没错
You're right.
Judy法官 你们知道她的工资是多少吗?
Judge Judy, you know how much she makes?
这是她的工资
There she is.
2500万美元
$25 million.
那么 那公平吗? 公正吗?
Now, is that just? Is it fair?
答案是 公正与否 取决于它是否
Well, the answer is, it depends on whether
违背了与差异原则相适应的
this is against a background system
后台管理系统的原则
in line with the difference principle.
取决于这些出类拔萃的人 所得收入和财富的分配
Where those who come out on top, in terms of
是否遵循着同一分配原则
income and wealth are taxed in a way
即兼顾公平 帮助社会中最不富裕的人
that benefits the least well off members of society.
现在 让我们回到这个
Now, we're going to come back
薪酬差异的问题上来 关于一位真正的法官
to these wage differentials, pay differentials,
和一位电视法官工资差异
between a real judge and a TV judge.
Marcus可一直在看这个电视节目
The one Marcus watches all the time.
现在我要做的 就是回到这些理论上来
What I want to do now, is return to these theories
检验一下那些因反对Rawls提出的
and to examine the objections to
