Nwm_\f[|^y
0XLu:NKNA6q_gt^vNf[gR!k\0RYVe6qyf[ gpef[
0utkSuNeyf[ gSS0Wtvb_KNNT sQsQbw (WlKN2m v
0~'Y0\SNSt0SbN6rN(WfNv_
N_NTMRs荆NN'Yek(W[O-NSTN
 `O!hNf[ge ge`O{(u_f[`Ns(WeN NaeckYwP[N7h\egNHN0Wep NNHNNNv N
N0`Ofge g]+YePS0RFURpSfNSpNNe\Bg_ww& & 0
YOYeg:N_{\keYevuW[(W`Ne_pqNfgKNTQ\
Nfg@bf[vuW[qNM;`OvQNW[ N_:Nbk0{f[NYu_& &  [9]
HQu]__e_N_Oe~gJS^NNv)YMbNNNaN N9ep
N] NY]wJSw0^g?QP[f[f[e\O ge]KNwva`N1rP[_Rv`aNUONSOOv0
Yg~V0RN
Nwm1\wvFd1NSev~ S/fbY`N0MRb]~vgHQu/feeNYeQegveNirNl gRluNb~^ev|^yu;m(WSe_ppppv NVR [NzeRNw}Ya*gfSu0NnN]~PSNv`~W=\{N;N _~Vf[Ne`N \egNHN0Wep N  NNvQSp/f^\NR)R;NINv0 N/fNv?QP[S8T6eeeveSw0
N??N`v/f _{q
0_[P[0  w flQ[ N^Xs
0zNMO [ YeVe 06q~V]~ N/ffk\eNv~VN N[hTmvNireRNw0@wt^vXΑvib'YTBlw2kgvGSNS~ Nbefv _0W6rNvae[6rNvBltSaegaQm gePO ~fN g[vs
[aINT  :NNHN(WeeSYdkRvN)Y_PfbT
b gN`u~VS_eO NOHNmeQbT NNMbAS N
0V\t^~_{eeSv`noYdkTY~N NS(W`~
N NS0RoRuQanvZ0
cS*Negv>yO?elR
`]EefZNYecNegNv~7h
 bN(W NASt^TVwNkSz g@w``i}Tvu g@wef[i}Tvu_N g@w>yOi}Tvu_N g@w>yOi}T?eli}Tvu|_dkKNvNq_T_(W?el>yOi}TNjmno
N0
WY(uN)Ye暄v/gNASt^NckQsN NGri}Tv'Y}Yb_R 0N]NN]Nt^v NVR _}6q>e(Wef[i}T
Nc!P ef[vi}Ti}Tvef[ 1u NV _Sv>yOi}TT?eli}TvQIQtSfNef[R0Hry[vlKQ`;NIN\~HQ(W
NwmQs0N]NNNt^vNg-NVqQNZQ(W
Nwmuv^S_,{N!khQVNh'YO,{Nt^OygNN?el;mRV{R/nwmXT'Yb]V{RNIlb]NsS`yv NN `HhNc]N_GTle;NIN\OSScw]NR0Te -NV>yO;NINRt^V _N(WygibEQ-NVXTNpe0RVCSNN
N0
Sm+cbvVlZQNwmTY[-Nq\OdfSe-d
N~TNdkNbsST N~Y0N]NNNt^T{^NOSRVlZQ^Q:NuqQT:dKb`Y[NNY[TT[:NofvVqQT\OvW@x0
[Sh NEN-NVi}TeQNev~CQqQNZQXTN*NNvReQVlZQ,{N!khQVNh'YO-NS_ :N-NYTPevqQNZQXT`SN;` Tv NvKNNS_ -NYv g-s^q\
0 _Vq
0gVym
0klN
0Ng'Y
0wy}v
0Ne
0闟&{
0Nh_ gv~~-s^q\ SQlg/O n tS(WqQNZQXTvcc-N0
TvQN~W^
0RN\QI{Nimimaa0Weg0RN-NVi}T'Y,g%v ^][E
N/fNRN~l/fwvTRRV0
^]T
Nwm}(W NTv0WtMOn
NN_Nl gs(WHNeO$NtS/fLRv-N_u
Nwm(W``b~
Nv]'YRPyLuRRvk^SSeNvQ?e_^]\O:NNeSGlvGH~vP>evofa0
[ OqQN;NINv g
0T[0
0
0eRt^09Teef[v g
0\gb0
0
0ef[e
R00
0lVeb0:NVlZQS
0eNeb0S fxvz|v_X0\O[ll_(WvQ
0lWgv-NVwRP[0NfN-N\ONYNvH0
 & & mf[NdkeN~0R-NVeg:NgY e?e^;NIN_NNdkeQsqQN;NIN6qbNgp蕄vN>yO;NINv~Nmtef[tHQTeQ-NV0N
Nwm:N-N_vwRt^vtQ/TSN
f[/gLuzzMR0WHTsLq& & 0
c@wNc0RS_ev
Nwm
 ;`KN(WSOMRv
Nwm gbV~v[BgHv@\b(W?el
NT7hvtlQ_0WcHQeg(Wef[
N_NNkQ/fopekvsa0 [10]
Vt^ve~V"vQv0Wcku;m(Wopekv
Nwmd^N/f?elQ@Rir@wNvsX_f fN-N gёK\ veXLunNTGPObNelc>yOf[[ N/fsXvNir vtb[7hleXveNVQYSuv'YNkeuINvO(WN
m}vv_up
Nw@w:_pvag\O(u06qNSS/f#vbvs
0z$NMO@beltv0
DgvU_~V(W
NwmBlf[vz-NN]NNNt^ N(WNzf[!h t^N(Wf[!hRO_NNQ,{Nt^eQfmN-Nf[N]NNNt^ tW
wN 0
N[
NOncll_vR{|egwvP[v``dcO[>mY'YSNR_eQnN%`$Ny~V/fTNNRbevb0R NES 1rVRvLRSN_0R~0
N]NNNt^Ng
NwmrSN`)YR0WvS
0Se'Yb]0wV/fgvASNe
Nwme,g~Sg@gNNMO]N~ck~N/fNg NASe
Nwm]NTf[uTT(W
NwmyLu>NLv'Yv:y
Z8nL08nLeR]N
0f[uVm0RyLu]Ucv@g[1rV_Xv@SwhQVNlv$a`
Nwmv]N>NLN;`b]f[u>NLN;`bFUN>NLN;`b^bSS
Nv NES `Hh0~VTvQ[_Y1rVRt^N7hZWQ0Wz0RS^V;NINN/f8nL:y
ZvbXTKNN0
~VvL:NV_0RTf[^v^FOtS/eNN_'YvNN0f[!hS_@\vO[>mGrb0Wfke0W:N*Nt^{N g SvT~NNNya` N0Rv`Y _d0j T uL:N Nh 0(WS_e_d/f
N_ N TvN&^@wnT$a` Ns^'Yi(Wt^vmQ
0NgJT+R
NwmSNSNN4TzVfvYf[|0YJS/fN6rNva`^g4TleR`}Y}Y{YeNNMQ_QQ
Nwm7hv{eg0 N~V]^`l-NKNir 4TY*` _Nl gRl~_gMONO?el`[i}Tv'Y NENsSReQS_0Wf[uSRvS?e^:y
Z8nLNhf[!hS_@\v4T/O/O6q NO~N_dv`ZQS_@
SQ\0WgblYq\bN$RYN$N*Nfgvvy0
b` Y1uTv~VN_gT bN/fS^]'T
/fSevRyN
NN)Y%m__WSevNXn9~_gwfvEeKNe0
l[1]
0~VHQuNWGl0SSΞfeSNNlQSQHr0,gfNqQASN'YQ, ~{9eI{Kb_Yve.sGW*g6eeQ0
[2]~VW
0Θ-Nv[Y0
0SSΞfeSNNlQSQHr0
[3]T[2]0
[4]jlez
0U^tyTW
0NwvEeaN0ShNN]NkQ Nt^/n
0'YlQb00
[5]k`W
0lVASNt^MRvNwHQu0N]N NmQt^NgRHr
[6]S
NOW
0NwZZYu;m0/n
0WSSg0g
R
0H_NW
0~_YFZ H
mY0/n
0~vY0,{49g0
[7]~VW
0b(WTvu;m00[Gk9h'Yf[VfNυ gdkfN0
[8]T[6]0
[9]T[2]0
[10]ll_W
0lWgv-NVwRP[0/nN2mQHr>y gPlQSQHr0ll_SN{ TWS[ZSNQSS\W TNvWvQ[Nv\0
----
3Y[8N'Yf[
-NVNTN -NNSeSnAm Ps[VNuQ)YgeS-N_vPTOa0gf>fvN*NN[bNVyHQbV T[:N-NV:N[[v-N_[vhTVR/f7YKNSYKNlsSO0RN)YymNN/fmNpe-NV?QCSt^vSS[ gLqg_N gp=g0UNNeggbNvNe,gu>mc'YYuf[uXNΘ4xjm0R[b^eQf[0N~KN/TY8KNz0
SS/fNb\P[T7h/fN*NlvSuv~g^'`1\k][NUOYegeS`7Y\bv
`^0
&GrbNNT^VvGPbwQbzN0TNP[Y[:NVyHQNvPTOPNQ]'YvNN0~YOeu gKNX0R^ZW2u)RuQ NNO-NNSN N`W0c@w!P :_R N _KNm:NvX'Y+YU
Q -Nf[:NSOf[:N(u vSS0N(W*Nc[SRN>mRt^XP[QmYuf['YdmRR0
Yuf[vvv0WYR'k0S2uHSb%v:RoTe,gv fl~e OVASgi}TbRlKQ`;NINY*m4l,>Pl_Rt^NT_Tvn0gRS gwy}vI{OeNOvf[ud zTR\GY
0Ngz N
0y[I{i}TRt^*N+RbSOvTYT~g0_T(WNSvRRvbGdv
NYuf[Tv8T_TNSSbe\0
YuUONrpNevofbNR_[S_ev?el`Reu\OV~0
Nlea`
N[NMOSevяNe}Ya0SgqvOeu'`kw'Y^V NNASekN~vekKN]01uOQ0R<\Sbe-NV@b'N1YvW0Wby'k2mY\Vv;`T0vQ!kOWelevybeSelT>e(WvTv)Ys^
N\b_RvSU\__QNaeKNY01\SSvaINNASt^N-NVSSvSU\QsNN*N N[8^vl0
Y[-Nq\[vVli}T
nnNVvl;N?el
gNSNQCSt^v
\^~l0Nv Nl;NIN[O;N _}bg l g
0ll
0lN v?elt`nfNpS/fMO^tX;SuvR0vQ``zTf[W@xTMON8'YP[v_Vr*YlKQ`vf[WSSSp0
Nx^vY[HQuTYp|TSvi}TRl gTNlNSvHNz)Rf NYR[HNpN~-NV_vo-NVuNT g NNN0
VlZQNegl g^zw]vfkňR0l ggFgP[v?eZQUS`TQODl['YNb0yr+R/fN]NNNt^^NvQHpflQ_SSY[SdklSbQyWztl_YVlZQv~N9e 0u[`u'Y{_'Y`Y[(ue_yOv'}[~gZQXT~eQ~~|~~[0W gN~_cS|[0|^yel
NOck:Nrv~~[NZQN?e0S/fb_NLRY[-Nq\TNvT_N:\dky~Tb/g0N/fKNTcKb-NVi}Tv:gO0
Y[-Nq\TR[-d~YNN]NNkQt^1u
NwmS~R[v5ub -NNl gqQTvh  $NVvi}TR\TT>eNLu
NSvNl0 [1]
t^kQgPgG. V. Chicherin Yp`0WV YY[v5ub'YLpW[dlyY[:N Slev[^ Sb_^\N~KQReQ-NVvS0
t^NgNASNe
0RbULea Karak-han (2)[0ShXfT?e^?a>e_NMR^OTnn@b~vNR Ns^I{ag~v^yr+Rc:yNy~WR OSRSvNele$\vQ/fOSR-NVNlFd1^V;NINR:_vQNT~NmOeuv>eR0
7hN*NQQXvc0W gXv[=\{T?e^Negl ge\LS_e(W-NVNl-N@bNuvd$\vQ/f[S~+cbvY[-Nq\TVlZQNtS^T\S0KNTN]NN Nt^NgY[-Nq\TAdalf A. Joffe ShTT[RTYe^QvW^Michael Boradin (3)c5egNS0
WSev^]?e^Y(We Nbv`QN TO
0 TqQ
0 vbRQ] CNSb N_ N\vLReT0
Y[-Nq\NN]NNNt^ NgASNeNSNFOexTN ^]vgsQ|NgNebzQ?e^ASgNeVlZQ-N.YgbLYXTO,{mQASmQ!kO-N[4]W^[^eybzY[8N'Yf[v^^
f[uMR_T0Njl|kS
0Ill
0-^ NN:NbXTv bYXTOTebz0
TQ[dk>NvSVNwN0ckbvaINh:y[Y[-Nq\v]leyrN*N'Yf[eg~_N0ObvvvNek(W-NVbD:NeN6~i}Tedy0
 Y['Y buvmo`N~lQ^T0WT_i}TvRt^~~b Tb^NN0WsSCS TN
N0vgRt^Nv_tR:gf/fegNvsncON]v~YN
 S_@w^yy'`vOVi}Twv(W]p[ Ol gczv6kNLuv?eQf[[
0>yOf[[
0~Nmf[[TN,>yO;NIN gNy'YSOvTv`lbNv^^u'``u+RN/f&TwQ gwtT]Yx^y0FO[NTvsrbNYg N(W``
N g,TQe1\^(WLR
N g@bQes(We6q(W'YR``TLR
NhsNQegbNvQeTNN g@b NTbN1\^wS NT(WTYgbNNqQNZQN/f(WTNNLuQRNvSvvv1\wbNNNNvvv(WTN`7hvSS_$NyvvvGNQzebN_{lavzz/fbNv/fNNvvv|x0 N{/fbNv/fNNvHQ_{ gNyvcv[TN
1u/fN]NNNt^NT 0RTSww
 (Wef[T?el[-NOb_bNynfv?ag0ck(WQ_Y`u{TT-Nv-NVRt^(WNev`N}YGY_tN6q_N g@w=Nvaa
"vQO-NVV6rY[-Nq\HQu^i}TW0W_^^]0Neb1uNOi}TR[KNIY.skRSNeb1uNOi}TbRv~b gSObNidKNNY0(Wy`aNtzfoaNN/f g'Yybv-NVYuf[uN^]
0
Nwm
0SN
0)Y%mI{0Wm
N/O)RNv_ 0RTSww
  [5]
[E_U_Svx^N N~vVAS T[6]vQ-N NAS T1uW^cPNNR/fVlZQXTvP[_Sb,gfNv;N~V(WQ0
~VTNvTf[snN7hV g}YGYvbRf'Yvt1upeNS_erpvi}Ta_0
$NyncD/e
cdk0t^mQg(W
NwmfmN-Nf[1\gVSR
Nwm SbNES`Hh v'Y8nLmO[vf[!hS_@\_df[M|0[7]
n`$a`SNSNeQ4TzVfRvP[_f[!h SNYe`Nf[!h(8)wf\PYufVSRS[SmQvf[uRNr$NhT0[9]
eP~V N/f*N-NNt^~vf[u>eNfNSp0RW4YpTOSSNS^
0SQv:y
Z8nLNSnf-Nf[u{kfN{kfNT[VNvQ ol gpRll gpo`/f~eSv0WY(u_lR ei ev/g~V N'a:N i}T\ 0
sXebN6rNy:N ~r\Q
0 -NVvXbm(W [10]U@w bNZQvMRzV
\O:N^ 03ovg qeRNw0
Ydk`Q:NN[t`ZW
cON.s-NVloXvi}T'YNSeyY[8N'Yf[1\Q6q NN0
HQuvaYN$NSKN0~Vee__fNN0RYNNev^` NQ_}Yv[c0[b_Re gY[8N'Yf[vRW^v_Pz@w?QP[va`N0ROWeS;p;p*g\ N/fN}YN0
eQsvDe&TQMRceH
mYvYY[H_Nr
c_
 Yuf[/f~VN
Nwm0R^]T NEN1\Y!kTNwcQvBl0NwwRv^ N^bV:NN N`HNU"kT NN(WNwNTQ~YFZv'Y[O-N] gASRf}vvhN(W~VYu
NTYFZFUeN_N Yh:y0
NwTeg@bNR:_^TNNV:NbY
0FZvNQR/e
c~VvYuf['Y_0~VST~Nm
N_\_0RNwvcNmVdk~V(WTvu;m/fvS_zv0/fYFZw aT\hQyNCSCQXbHg+YlGl~VMbQNNvV0 [11]
~bQHQu NU"kTvncCSCSNN1\(WN*NegvNw0N]NNNt^Nw
0W^ckSb_kppl gTvbS^
0ggS_t^WQ!helbz NU"kTN~ NOSQ NT:N^ vSSeg0
N]NNNt^H~ZZMb Nt^ N0Rg~H[ gvS_Rvq_TRNNSNnO0~VYuf[NNOVgb0R^ NQR Mb R:_^T P``Nv:NN*N'` NT gOYuX[uKNY0
Nw/fS0Wv:gO;NINS/fs_Cg/gven
Kb
~VSey*NlN NNTTeg~VSgg Nck/fWSNT^yrRTKNETNN]NNNt^NTvbgR'`SU\O_HQulVS/f^yNe N0Rv0
N]NNNt^ASgAS]NeT,{NybNASNMOTf[[12]-d
NNXn~ NNwmPP9KNOTkyh\OwfVZ0
~Vv?DKN_R/fk+YN@belNv i}T I{e?QQNN,TSNi}TOyY"NNN+Ys(WP``S g1YSruP[vqSi0`HNGY -f'" }k+YN_N Nai}TUON^0R*N(W)Yv0We0kyhAmNePSTvLzqQ g Nag~0N:NNT
l-NNFOn2m:N _\Oc6R[hQ g~Q0N:NlS'k2mSey*Ye9*Y50 N:NN
Nwm-dT'n0RwmS4]9epF0
wmS4]SS
Nf/f'Yn^VvuWT0NKbrR~^O9e T:N&{bleXbKQ/fTNevwmQQ/n/O)RNS~pNdkEe8fv0
-NVri_N_SmSNSN~`ShQ萺NSv NRKNNяNNJSNSJSONSN~%v
06[
0L
0bb
0p^ g=\ g0,{ NVE#c_v/fMO_Vr*YN{v[13]dNgΘQQNQ
\Q_ N*Y`N`NYv^e_aN_7hva0
V)YJST{v
NSeyvkpf0/fNkg[+ovLzkNRM0R]v^MOS`/fSB\lx-^fY+o)YNNQ_TU N]fQzeSfY0V:Sdqf4Y_dvRRO`(gPgLvbaf"z_\P0f
Nl gfl gn4l`V\PzO^01\abN(W
0PtT;Su0q_Gr-N@bw0Rv:WbHN[`N0
wmS4]eyNCSV~vlQ~VvNMOeT4ObdkLcS__~uRyQXdc_
 kpfwmS4]QSV:N~/_f0WRNO Ns^NEefLu,{ N)YMb0RdTX0/f/O)RNvNG:NSeN?e^^0~/N N
wv-NNsS(Wdkch0N[ONb)RQRS_ceQbVNSv_Rg1\(WdTX
bNck(WdTXz
N#kOΘIQ_6qN*NfkňuQ'}@wNMOVnWSM|Tf[vf{0vQRylylN[O/fb:_vNgR\Vn0~la>o4l)YNr0LfHSYяVnnczQAS*Nq\mq\m/f(WVnn\wKNN_Qbv0S}YFO_wfLvQ-NNY8nzm[^fbof~sO0>TN(Wf-NMNfMNfNu`0VnvWSzkpf`z'Y[NbNNv#kONLu,{Nm4lvQF'YVn0NGrjlmY4Nkpwm/UNSDQ
Tv1\/f@QzVnnvN^\^y(ukpxxb Npe:\eQzzeNir0nc1\/fS_t^fkgrSwmehv@b(W0ddkSOYuv`KNYvQ[[eS0
O\^!kKQNNeri_NnmNm1Y0W/f/O)RNv^:Ne_;`cw{0W0vQ!jKN'Y]NKNv(WS_ev/O)RN:S[H\Nc0Nfz^Q{KN[OS]SpVKNgz`QNNSzwNN0FOeRcy NENKNTyORS:NvQ[etQW^@bSNN0XQ gQ^'YehvQ-NNO\Reymtl 'Yeh:Ng0ehv$N^tS-NehX
Nz gXuQNekN\ASekNTbYu:N%N[0kpfeh_\zsQ NQzNSNe
NcwvQ^]+ovez~N(WN)YvNHS0R~p  ey0^]QSKNe{wlL&^OO'Y~/fN*NgIQof0
Y[8N'Yf[MOey?WUWPWNg/fN^s^^veb_^Q{ir
0ckb g*NVS_-N/f,uS$Ne=hNN(g0@wl^=@wN@b'YYeX^Q{u+R-NzQN*N'YWvVbs~@wV*NWvbb_ncy!jN!kNWl'YYeXE\NLu[b,{NMOYeXVhTv^:WsS/f Y['Y f[ued
0ceek
0nQRv:W@b0
Ts^l] NYl gNwS*Nf[!hvX[(W[15]O[Sck/fqQNZQNv`N`0f[!hv^Q{!jk`a-N]_Y[vYha*NZQ?e:gsQ Na*NuR;mlv'Yf[0~V[NN NNa0Ri}TvGd{fNBlwv^ N/fNNvvv0
S_N Y['Y v'YI{@wv/fNN
0%mHQg0RvTf[wNRp`0NRZSSR_N+YeZP}YEQRvQYNmhy
0tShy
05ufhy
0[wQ0Re(uTYhP[
0lI{NN gagN^OhQ0~Va0Ryr+R gtQv/ff[!heb:NkN*NNQY}YGY*`vOWe TW[0<\SbT_NdkgfN^0NT~V0,Tweg*`+RmbatS_e0
f[!h\s6R
N~VTvQ[NASNMOTf[ p`}Y\ON*NYecs Ye[['YkN'YLhP[N _
N
0O
0_O
0Oo`(Wdk0
z gOe
0SS-NVi}TRS
0>yOS
0Nei}TRS
0ei}TRS
0Tf[/Uir
0l
0?el~NmD,g
0~Nm0Wt
0R[;NIN
0QNyf[0
N)YkQ\ez vQYONJSe kNN f[u(W_OZP~0[16]
sn_N Y['Y /fNf[/gZPL^P[l g_fNBlwVN[vSS/f _O,{N
N,{NLR,{Nt,{N (W[v\Oo`eQ gOne gOHSY gOO N[ NQS
N
Nv/f f[b>m
0 *NN;NIN O N\P NTm0Tmv1\/f \DN6~ T y;NIN 0
y~gvQ:gh;RgNN:N[[N TW[  LRf[`N SbNRVy(1)bybTNN[N
0Q
0~S
0_?a{_^vNNfW}vN_bhbyb0(2)svSR~~v~``LRe0W gNy[vNs_vN N1z11\S0R%NSvybTYZ0(3)PNee8^u;m
0``
0LRN~}
N~eNNhg0(4)SR]\OQIN#lpS!h[QXbeI{I{0
Nx^7hv~e_Teg~Vb[y i0R-NVS~nSbv YtQ\1\/fbRv Y['Y Hr0!hsGSl gSTtSf[ObrKQ
0s|+Yv,gNN__~Y~0
TIN
N Y['Y :N~_Y[8Nvv:N-NVi}TW{Qi}Tr^0hQz-Nl gJS*Npms0R Nl;NIN 1\vr^NN~qQNZQN:Nvh0
Tegb:NW TqQNZQv g\s^
0^b_
0gVym
0LNpQ+YI{0LNpQ+YT~VN/fPWTN _QP[v Y['Y Tf[0[17]
eg-NVYuf[u
N`ыZPehhe,gYdkTN NOY0FO~Vf[ONvOesSdke`YNvW@x0N]NVNt^-NS}Yag~$RT~{@leN/fbXTKNNNTbNYNNSYNyr>mXTOSRq_TTNRNm_NPNvOeTe~0lgy+YOPNvO,T NaR/fEeaZY=vbRE\YN0_f[KNTv,{ N*NfgY>NL_f[xQ ~QKN6r Xbm(WN4N;N
c[18]0WpGP]Ov'YS>NLi}TTvTir(u;m^8^p[-NVvYuf[uRQGYvwaha0R_YNeNT9e NbS|QYSKN N=\0[rvY{|~ gYO0u;m%m4kgNASbS^N,Y(Wp
0RT -NVm
N0
7usYsQ|,g@w '`>e vΘlASRON_[aHQ/f]NQTYSU\ TOWesYi[;e 0|Rckev~V N9_dk gzzwfN`_xlKQ`t0 [19]
S f~VS_e[dvpSaSPR萄vNQve0
 1\/fbvem0 bwN^8^'a0b/fYVN NN*N(WNNVQT_7h}YNN]v'Yf[utS7hTNS `ON/f-NVvi}TRt^bN[`ON/UNv^g/fY__vb-NVle>e0 NMRYfNvS/f[[P[Y[s(Wk*NRR gfNv:gO0S_6qvs(WbNvV[_wz@bNbN_0FO/fNNwSbNV[ gIQfvMRN/f^8^PN0s(WbNey'Yf[-Nvf[u~vRKNkQAS]N/f]N/f\eg:NNlR x^yvNNbN)Y}6q_FO\eg/fx^yv& & 0
gMO SQvV[FU^^XTV:N{N^S0RFOtSh:yNvO_b/fN*N SNegl gZPuabN]SvZQ1\>mbegdkf[`NST gR`_N)Y{_}baf)Y1\O_wegvN)YV[}1_f)Y1\O:_wegv0g'}v/f NbV[v;`{v{N0i}TNMR/feyD,g['YFUNvrY0s(WR_V g~RRNy
/fbNOVi}TAm@v~g0NMR(WY?bK\-N7h}YvΘof:SQS g N
0VAS*N gveRJRSN_PNvu;ms(W@bQ gkQ~v*N]NO{Q0 [20]
W[L<\SbT_[N*gegv VyV N_^^
0iONkeOYu0WT0-NVv^gN{|v^ghQ`TZPQef0qQN;NIN
0R[
0Xbm(W\:NfvNLu&^eg^gvIQ0
i}TTveuNir_Y/fw[v^\TN~NNglRvnx`'Y_NQeN{|:N]NMT]Yv[ OO'Yvzz(WNLuT0WvRt^_v-NaSb~_[21]MOV\O[(WQ0
Nx^0W_YZGPvNLNXb_vt`~V:\vR0NebNw gP``wzzNebN[;NINONvrpbtzflmpN/fRt^Nvu^r~V:N6q0
ckV:NONZW[ Y['Y ZQ~~NN]NNNt^ASNgNbdv,{kQ*NfgNkp{^ybQNReQqQN;NINRt^VvBl0[22]
_Y
DR Y['Y (WVlZQ
NNlTS_@\e^RHaUNN[vvvf>f N~NmbD:N?el gR0bVlZQN9eS:NqQNZQXT0~V/fVlZQXTvP[_Np(WOMRb[ -NVVlZQe]>m v8ny>mvQ[T:y\O(uO g^QvRHe0
1uqQRVTegGS:NYZQXTI{N_bvQ[N_YTf[KN{| N]0FO/f0RNVVMRYTS_@\[E
N]\PbkNvZQCgxSNk6qON]NN0t^ Sr lQ_c#N*g1yZQqQN M|vQ[/f NfwvbPS%c0
l
[1]Ytteh Shedg Sun Yat-Sen Universityin Moscow and the Chinese Revolutionf1 Personal AccountCenter For East Asian Studies. The University of Kansas. P. 9v\YumQt^:NNASkQ*N^\N~KQvbXTKNN0(WV^{LNb-W'YONTOsE\/ObeYXb^0
[2]RbUNNtNlYNtNTN{-NV'YOSm?e^ 0
[3]-NVVlZQZQzW^9hncTqQNZQZQzыbe^Nz`9eы:N-Ne^(uN0
[4]T[1]0
[5]snW
0YuV_U_0N]NmQ]Nt^]NgSS NlfN@\QHr0snT~VI{NASNN,{NybYuf[uMROONTfNV2'Yf[Yec]O0
[6]T[1]0v\TsnvpeW[v]NAS T0
[7]T&OkN'Yf[
0lVN T'YxQ00
[8]
0~VHQuWGl) ,N]NkQ Nt^SSΞfeSNNlQSQHr0
[9]T[7]0
[10]ll_W
0lWgv-NVwRP[0/nN2mQHr>y gPlQSQHr0
[11]H_NW
0~_YFZNH
mY0/n
0~vY049gN]NkQ Nt^mQgNe 0
[12]T[5]0
[13]T[5]0
[14]T[5]0
[15]T[1]0
[16]kNNW
0V_U_0/nN2mQHr>y gPlQSQHr0
[17]~V]bTLNpQ+YTPWN _QP[0
[18]T[1]0
[19] T[1]0
[20]~VW
0b(WTvu;m0N]NVkQt^
NwmMRQHr>yQHr0
[21]~_John Reed)W
0dvNLuASe0bDd5uq_N]NkQNt^_~U_GrVY0
[22]T[7]0
----
4<\SbT_
VqQT\O,geg1\/fN[4NeQTvΑ3/mar-riage of convenience)0VlZQNPTONQbQY_^V;NIN0TtN'k2mvqQNR]__:NNMQd[z%`N(WNe[~bQ/fR[(WNveP1\NvgV{eu0
b/g
N[R:_[-NVDnT^:Wv8`Sc:YS g(W/UNvagNNeY?aNPsS8lO
cN*Np1_Tvv-NV0V^KNS/f\-NVi}T5~TNLu
NveN6~TTweg^zbrVv'YTv0-NVNSYN/fNNyvQl~~wegb:NN/eSeMROv^'Y Ql O 0
qQNZQvRS_e NYX'Y\(WAegHryI{ybr^Nekzb NN'YhV0\1\b_R_{HQ(WVlZQ4Y
NbDbqQNZQN]Y0W[u0RVlZQv~~I{_e:gQQbJdLr0
y~N)R[~Tv T\O eOV)R[vRsQ.(WNNb_RTagN0
 -Nq\0NN TNw] gf`VqQvQzeNaegahbS06q~ncrR-^vb_R\ NwQY0
SOQvU\QNNaeKNYv0N]NNmQt^ASgi}TQ]-^wS$NVnTc01\(W*NePWSe?e^Syv~gCgR-N_RSWSfv;`SN萌TfkIlvVl?e^N1U[S0
[Ilvvu~(W:YCgVlZQQv]cQ S[QNr
0 ZQCgNNR vSS[a/fNw
0 _Y_l0Nwc ggFgP[|Q gVlZQQvSVZPTv0\/fHN{f1\vR
N
Nwm"Vv'Y~NmcRN/fhQRSQN]NNNt^VgASNeXN-NqQebNkeYKNEOQ@gKbb
Nwmv ]N~[ T-NqQvZQXTr^(u:gg'YR@g_@Amb n0VlZQydk:N nZQ -NqQy:N VNNSi}T?eS b VNN'Y`\@g 0
,{ NVES[SgNUuzf
0Qs7hTNwNNegTv^gNJT=zzfkIl?e^SOeyv]NきW^I{__N8fflR:N NS"kvNir Ng6qR_V0
-NVVQb_Rv}S} gvQ_6q'`Xbm(W
0eNgI{tSNl ge0ROHN_0Nww8egYdkmQN N0
Ng^
Nwm]NOwIN/eci}TQN:Y
NwmvQNLRNASNe}v[uvhQbn%VlQ)R`S0
mo` O0Rey Y['Y f[uvrUYtf)Y9 gv|_dkbbvNcKb gvmlNAmbU``~0[1]
0VEe0NS_eTvS^ Y['Y f[uvVX0

Nwm6e Yvmo`Nhf(Wey O_NlN"k#k0]SNsTT0W~~O,TSi}TQ'YwcvaIN0
NHSVp,{ NVE^:WMR>CSOO0Y[8N'Yf[vf[u~8nWebNMR[0XyQT_
0aSmW+YT_NS-NqQNh(WO'YO
NN0OfYce& 0 [2]
0wtb0>yN
Nwm)RvNLuSS'`aIN :N'Y IQ Y
Nwm/fO-NVT]lvcRV }X:_N-NVeN6~@bnbovrT_-NVeN6~gb?ev^g0
OWe\sYV@w-NVYuf[u^
yl:NybN/f*geg-NVv0k'Yvu;NR.sBl&^V-NV0
VgNe
m{ve'Yg\ZW
cl gqVlZQS>mv_Nw/fu[~_v0
 Y['Y y{Y^]y NN NE^]'YvNwl;uPckv]~6R-NQY~:W8nLeTl
0i`
0RI{TeNvh:y[v
\]0[3]
eOWmo`'}@w}Ymo`eg0evPNf g kbqNw_4YNrg4YlTN_alKYSv]N~[
00WNZQlNU^N`r(WcQzf)R?eSvq_Gr
01Y*0.^RbNzvQ'Yi0
 Y['Y `T6qOOybXNfkIl?e^v5ueBl%N` i}TvS_
0^V;NINv.^Q Nw0
vQ-NXgopgRNvc~V0ncN*NvQ _hQSOf[uvS^Y,vcX0 pe)YTShXfN~lQ_4#TXe>yNN ONLuT0WыeYN
 NwvSv^^aYS_NS4Ylb@wi}TveP]nn0W_YQVSi}TN_`T _\O
0Y[ OqQAmTal0Nvi}TNN]~~_gN01\i}T[N{kR0SNi}TNdkN/f-NV]N6~vLeN0SN/fbv6rN
0i}T}YgSSNLeNv5%s(WN/fbvLeN0 [4]
~Vdk>NT-NVpeCSt^veS O~
0&Ot_'Yv_^kSSKNXgU gpS/fbN+R_NNvYXTNS_e/fqQRVXT*NN[-NqQi}TgSb^VTv W9e
0 NS  N_N/fBlZQXTRnLuPz3z6~z:WTbNSUOOP#\O:N$v~V

-NV
NzzvΘ}~ev Y['Y f[u&^eg4\,\YXTN9eNvv\
 XfS lQ^TbN NSTNN Nwv?QP[(WT?Q NYNbNw TNir0S/f[bNNl gW T6rNvNNY)Y,{ NVENew'YR]SQ[cVlZQM|vf[uR_V7ck~I{NCNNdkeR_0
fkIl?e^>NLnZQTTS_@\|`b`b Y?eV{Nbce VlZQe/e NbVqQ NR'Yq-NVf[uyX0
GPgqeHhgbL~VTgvASt^Tu;msSSMQN0vQHYTebcSW^v^9eS
NyQ[0W^va/f dkec
-NVf[uVVI{N.^RVlZQgbLvQnZQ]\OY|qQNRP[I{N
NN
NRO NYSec6RSoyybRt^0YvQ N?aI{_vS_eeTQLc
N NN00ReP-NVvi}T`Rb}Yl0~b NVlZQ-N.Y[N1uVVvf[usSN NR@g[_NO NbeSON0 [6]
,{ NVE^Nl gV6rNvN`?QP[N(WT?e^v[cN
0RR[

---

e'YgvXbsaSQ?ef[!hMONR[/fckvQNf[^~bRP[T Y['Y 'Y_vQ0
N N(uыzOP(uQNb/g/f:N~Q~QNc%c[v@b(W0
~VNul g&^uQSbNb gN~
N\QT_w N\^0S/fRRem+YuMR N_N/fGS:NTFQCQ^Tb:W~VNe@b gtS/fck[Q!hQTege'YgtevVTR+YeWCQ^MarshalTukashevsky 1\/fNvb/gYe[0
XbsaSf[!hdNYeQNTeYe?el0~QN?el:NupBN:SRZQv]\ONQN?el]\O$Ny0~V(We-NQNN]v__
 ZQv]\O[a/fZQXTOQN?el]\O[a:N^ZQXTOZQ[$N:gsQv?el]\O_{NvSusQ|@bgbLv?el~/fvTv0bNqQNZQ(WQ-N1\/f/UNv[0(WkQ
0^
0e
0V-Nv gqQNZQNhNvCgRNQ[vT0Q}TNY N~ZQNh~{ T N gHe-N g?elc[XT6R^NvNR[hQNZQNhvT0(WVQbNeg-NZQNhd\O[ O~]\OY\ ghgSvQ[}TNcknxN&Tv#N0 [8]
~QvtSO|T[el>eQO7h;ukb_ňYvVQ Nt^Qgdgb=gSb_N%m0WbNVQ?e]@\v Y['Y f[ueN_gKbeV{0N]NNOt^1u~VcKb9e:NV2;`?el
OVNNNASNt^MRve{~b0RteVQT]VS~nW0WvT{Hh0N/fwm\$N\hiv;NIN_c6RQvelT0
~V(W\PYuve NENFOb~e6q0vQxvzp:N8nQb/gNQbQrvxvzbJTVS0RTZQ?e:ggv8T6eN:NYZQXTYu!hbNы0
nc T'Y
0lVN T'YxQ0v}N]~ g&Pwv`~^gTS_@\AQNVV0,{ NVEbvQ@bNQ^BlRS0R~Q]\O*NBl_N=Nzz0 gsQNR_VvSYxQl g\ONekfvzz/fV0R S_ v6rN>e_eN6~vi}Tt`bT/f~~i}TvX_MR_}v:S
NwmZW
cTVlZQvAm@eNbT
SN*NO~V`R_Vvt1u/fNTXbm(WTbNSOvab_
`N/flQ_T`Xbm(WvXb>mwSeQ0RTQZQNv)om[9] Y['Y !hbrKQm0Rteя~v*N-NVf[u-N%vyR9eSbEQM0R/O)RNEQmё]N0
~VlN/fNw?QP[vIQl gmkCgReN-Ne'YgS_)R'YR][NSHYUO0GPOQ_NNZW
cXbm(W_vO_YuNScSe'Ygv[1\[?aR_V0
-NVvi}Tb_RzzMRV0 gbvT_/fV0R]vVW
NMR_,{N~Mb^zzi}T0
~V]`HN`l g_0RS`vOSKNMR\8l/f*N0NUOsKm/fg6q0
e'YgN@wYh NNVVS_N NNSR~QvLR0gyaIN
N~VSbe'YgvN(e'Yg_` `O1\baba?QI{@w'T

N]NNkQt^mQg~VIY}TbNR['Yf[-NVf[uvRtc[*NNR{~g a_0OeO] gvS_W@xS/fTv
l0
Ng a_vO}T/fs R'Y v-NVf[u(WTXQSeL0SNss(WNs+RNLzSYR"}TLNKQpQ0RTv_0W&^0
Tvvv NYNNT-NVf[upNN >yO;NIN^vO'Yb1\
0 SOSvIQcbg @bNSVwN N\e]S
0eQ:WTe5uz0~VdkLYuNYgm;RvpSa0
(Wleme1+YWvDяNwN'k2mg'YvV[Q:WbyNCSN~vN:ghVd\OQ:W(u:g
OSb0ON:NKN`v ]N@bOOv/f\m?bkhfS
N]/f(u}lfc
0Q:W-N gOPN
05uq_:W
0;Sb
0f[!h
0"GY-_-f--*--Q-Q)3uu.C/m"lQVyyY0 (10)
(Wme1+YW~VSNN*NQN:ghV6R SFO:ghV/f_V v0VASt^MRvTTN)YY_S-NvV[vN=T+wz0qQN;NINQO/f NQ:ghVeg^`ND,g;NINV[eQ NS0S`~VvNLurz__Nv_zfTv[ O@b=N0Nw0RvS/fN*N~c v7hg0e'Yg;NIN]pkNTvQNuNsSO0RN)YTNv\/fU Nq x^y vTs^lbT

dkLw0Re'YgkNT yYNQS w0R O'Y vkN N N/f Nu gx^0
S/fVv,{N)YN_NN:Wu NENOOey;Sb0nc;Su;Sbv4Y N)YN9h,g N
wNN)n^8^(W38^N395^KN0
u__ua YCQ0@b_vNu/T:yASRm0
 (Wu-N_l g-NVgSgq~NON_aU g}YQ*N-NVNS4Y
N_Tb^8^NpNeuYdkl gN*Negwb0'YiNNN:NbN[{kN0 U
POb{k(W NwS gl gNeg
bQl [11]
S@b T_e
Nvi}T`d  _:d_Kb:dKb v6~a`/fZ*OvYeagSS<\SbT_uuNNэ_vS4Y
NtS ^8^Np0
~~N[S_oR;`~vmKQR[12]uMRl ggSN`N[SbNv;Na0VVv~V%fΘ_aNT~\
N7hd[r__`u+RN`)R(uNvCgR\O:NGS[S"v6h0et^vsXs[vYe^S_/f*N_tb_bv;NV }0eyu-NvaI{N(WN_^YuNNSuu*Nuu@webabaib'Y0RNTgNJS*NgSl gN0[ZP'YgSeg\b:NN'`Ng'Yv1_p0SON YCQASgTS_@\vMN0Rrbl5ulSS_f[__YwckSOTvR]u;m0
]S(WeyWY[ tS(Wey^-N_0
N]$c5uf}Y[f$c
NS(Wf-N$c_R NR0nhfQhybS geP:' N0R1\_P[0
N](W>yO;NINvz[zzlNSRuNz[0T[HSmSR]NOPN萄v?elZf
N0R]zY!hS
N0R[]/fASNpbS^sQSQYP[0
7h;Rgv\Oo`hnpf0WR;uQN(WrblZP]Ngvu;mn^0
~Y/fv`RsXNvRRSOTqQNZQv
=Nt`TNu;mbc0RvNv`s[MQ N(WNv``WSu\vQzYkNN@bvNkz/f*N gVlZQ,g(vqQN;NIN 0
S`7hveP[NsSO`K`h_N NS09hnc T'Y
0lVN T'YxQ0vl~V(WN!kO-NV[sfH~y v;eQsNNb Y,{ NVE:NrNcSZQv9e Ye 9e  _N`YvN T0
~VvzzrNNHN_jNsfbTs gCgR/f-NqQ{eyvNhN]Ncm0N^b~V
0R/O)RNv?\lёw0~V N gTTZQ?e:gsQ3u TIN
N_NSO*YOWP[e'Yg`{f1YchP[9e>m0ReyDяN*NQ^cZPQlSN0
l[1]Yueh Sheng, Sun Yat-Sen University in Moscow and the Chinese -RevolutionA Personal AccountKansas.The Uni versity of Kansas,1971,P119.
[2]T[1]0
[3]T[1]0
[4]T[1]0
[5]T[1]0
[6]snW
0YuV_U_0TS NlfN@\QHr0
[7]e'YgN[eSb:NucWey~{
0\TXOS[0zrrr-NVNSvCgv0
[8]~VW
0b(WTvu;m0N]NVkQt^
NwmMRQHr>yQHr0
[9]T[1]0
[10]T[8]0
[11]T[8]0
[12]mKQRvhQ T/fNelson Rockfeller0
----
5;N-^b^S
N]N NNt^TSu'YeRNueRvSV;N/fN N/fe'YgRSOS (WQQg-N_^>yO;NIN^v'YS v~g0QlQtYSb6RSbv`~N qn>NVeR`0RNNvX0W0[1]
m9T
0(uTY|
0|
0v
0Yr|
0
0I{eW^QQgNiGY:sSO gQYvbS^N_ReR0
/f&TV:N~NmvagN/fsfvSbQb Y^
~V0RQQgSSOSOSv O'Y>yO;NIN^ dN T'Y
0lVN T'YxQ0vN[KNl g+Rv gNRDeNS0
elYUObeN6~i}Tt`S
0Wf;NINSv~VQl gk*NfwQcb'`N0
'Y?elsX
0SXbeN
0hQbnZQckLvYkpY60Xbm(W_dZQM|
S?b(gV(Alma-Ata EQQc[~_N+Y
0brKQMR Y['Y !h I{ZQ?eNS0Rte0R-NVv@g0
~VMQNXb>mv*h]^\Nx^0ev?elΘf~Neg4NkwNJqkNev'YNirNS{NHNbT(WZQ*NNu}T^\N~~ gN~~/fZQXTv)YL0
`0RNB\NS_fW6q;N/fNl g b]}TvYO0W0&^@w{USvLNgTQQgb0RSN0
wS+Y(Wey:SQy^-N_v^ NFO[/fQQgN/f g=TvN*NQQg 0TNSS!kSvSOQ^ g:ghd\OQlOOm?bv 7hg {vaN)YX0R0Wr,]_0
TNvcY`~v^*gV hQNLueN6~TTweg vSS g@b9eS*NN[Xbm(Wb0[2]eyvs^lYdkkewvQlN YYdk0~VNN NSt0 bR0RvePV:Nb/fYVNl gN[P^~baw0,{NYb1\aw(WN*NYeXvf?b0 [3]
NStvSV/fNNvOa\oavyegk0NNGY*``HNOeg*Ncvw\-NVNN:NNHN<\SbT_NHNQegSl gN gtQ~V NOS[N_N}v9lR0
_P``/f~V/UNvfkhV N_]b]\DN6~av`~
0Pυweg(uLRh
sZPQlvgS0vQ_vz gN]veD__0
 ,{N)YNe1\0RQ:WS0QlYeg{bS/fb_[lv[NN e[
 Teg gN*N
Ql[b `O^NbNqQT0u
 b }Y
 NN1\~NbN9SlSvQ[vQwQ_YbN:N0u/fNN_VvNS/fTega0Rv^ NASRV`{Y(uSORbN00u0RZf
NSO]_u&P0V0RYeXvf?b-NQmuuP4Y1\aw0aw0RJSYN*NmQASkQ\v
YNwNNT`_bbS gS
N/fawv0We0RbvIK\Saw'T
  ASRa"bHa1rv
gS
NbN)Y_u&PNf)Ybeg
 bQQ0WVT{0 `O(u N@w`b(W?Qaw/fOuuv
bOOv}/fK\S/fk}Y_YNTS'T
  [4]0
l gOOYaw0R YeXf?b v~V/fN.s~WVyVv,{N0 RvQK{ e'Yg}Yaa-NV_[rv'YSt0
l_N
QYvHa1rTT^\N~KQvkfb_b:_pv[k0vO/f~V,{N!ka0RN'`IQv)nfe;R0l_N~NbNNv}YgSIK\b:NN/UNvR_[0
Q4xsXvTf[/fb
NB\6~TQg-N}V>mvL[ OT g]\O0Nv~ gOvON_{HQTNNvcя(WO-NSuq_T_{HQq_TNNv0
_0RONTQcR~~NSOON0g6q~VvYX'YSNvl(ONMQNRRKN>e_yNL:NQlc=mW0W7>k-nQwQI{NRNS_ NQQg~Wv;N-^0
~WQl,g(
NT-NVQlNLukN*N=vQl~4g_Sv'`w[SO-N~Vf[0RORvw0R9egnS_Ny_wS+YeS_0WQlAm2Qvwc`aTy+R:WbuRaNf[bgR'`0NQ@w
 IK\YbvNnnvYwegN0S_bTemvePe[ms^peg[b hQQgQleg"k
`ON
bN_N*N2)Y"k
'YO0 b1\pQYwNNKb-N gvb@wg gvb@w!-e[ms^[^_Ov^"k
0 [5]S_eNvLNgS gNS4x\{{P[ň@w$NlcTNS]~eNASY!kv4xP[ N
0V*Ngl g(uN!kvkwNTQgvQSegNMbw{ {_4Y{_>\veN6~xQW0
y_wS+YQgONa0R``$\vQ/fJT+Rl_N
QY N/fyYS_e1\l gN6e[N*Naw(Wf?bvd[[N\Teyv%N[Lu{kX[Nv#cNby_dk0W gl g7hvN)nfbT

,{Nt^Y)Y~VfV0RQg^egcgMO
YN0S/fyY](W$N*NgMRd[0WSN0~Vyr0WpNNN_g0R_WMRQ
TN'YTN:WEQRAm2@w^^\N~KQvNb0
N]SSQQg1uQQgV]S0N^(WN*N\kpfzbN,d]N0N]N N Nt^v%f)Y :NNBlwt:NNNlZPN N_ Ny_VMO}YS0R+Rv0WeS]\O S?\lёw0
4NSMRY`Y` NwN]
 & & u__{kaw(WN*N\kpfzvp4l?bb gV*NRt^vO4OV@wb$N*Nxd@wbvKbN*Nxd@wbv4YSYN*NR_N NR0Wz(WbNNwSbvu/f^8^qSiv'Y[`Qeb.^Rb
FO/f
_Nl gRlV:NbNN*NN/f`lRu;mvQ)Y)Ylyr+RQkpfz
Nv'ir N,d@bNN*NZ N0RNN(W*NeSHYUOvePS}YTX1U@bU"kvLk~b,T
 b{kNb{kN

首页 上一页 下一页 尾页 共13页

返回书籍页