lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
[`OvNN u NN
N_vb_0S_6q ky`QO g gTYu 0
N
/f
N{[e/f N~`OV5u HN NbN~vYu wSeu/f
gsOv0V:N[N c-NNbNN{|,g'`v {ktz 0
1 . bSsN N
N{*YV5ue bQJT`Oe`Q
2 . b*Y:N`OtQN~bV5u bN
3 . b k`O*YY0V5ue bQ`O
4 . `O/f[v0V5ue bNQN~
5 . bwS`O N[O1r
N[V5ue bQJT`O/f`HN NVN
ke `OSN(W[ev5uU_ b[evyfN 7hYu
b ao`O@bZPv NR0~bV5u b`N""`O0 6qT`O1\YP5u
T'TV:N7hvYu \O[ef_V5u0
V:NYdk{|vYu [e a0R ~`OV5uOmdNvp N(u
N@w
`ONHN _N
NO_4Yu4Y'Y0Yu [e a0Rnv^N u}YGY0
:NNHNHNbT HQ Yu f`O/f*Nwi`Vbv&&TP[`O aoN
NS_6q_na0vQ!k _N/f gv Yu
TNS bZPNNHNbT N
Ydk"b `HN"b `Ovwmn/fS0YgYu `ObN`__
nZi HN[e;`/fCga N NN`v{%` QQ[/f&TV5u0FO/f Y
g`Ol gcO YvOo` [e1\ZP
NNQ[ V:NNT
N*YQ0
NV'T
N]~dwNNv}YGY_ Nv_[(W/fuu0uTuT *N(W5u
U_v N'YXYu Oo` `Of6e0RNxd
N@w4YvYu T Yg g
1 3 3
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
HNQV` N N `O gHQ~TagYu V5ubT /f
N/f*NleUStvYu
V:N`O`*Nvzz bNsQ'YJUw Yg[eYu SN@b gO
o` HNN1\SN]$ReN`vN&T 6qTQQ[/f&T~`OV5u0?V
?V `O'Yi
N ^gN*N?QSQ['T
on*gwvNir0ck/f*NSV N,T0R+Rv5uegeSQv V V
X bN1\OSS~_gT gSck(WLv a_ zzQ5u~SI{*N*g
w5u0 O/fSbegvbT
N[_ *N^yyv
NSw (WT
bNbKb0@bN Yg`O`[e~`OV5u HN HQb[
\Y'Y
T;`
R_nnZiZi
Nc NegvYu `O1\_=\!j| N N4Y4lMbL0
`OvYu YgeQNNV } ONUONzsS\OQV^0
cd{^opGr
Yg`O5u N[lQS ^gNN~`OV
Y0HNSb5ue `OSNc
5uvN `ONlQSvYu :{/f|r/f}vrvV:N'YRlQSvYu :{
(u$Nyr [eO gS6qT `O1\ }Y S
NSN.^b
N*N'Y_
N(WbvYu e;u N*N{8
`OOSsNN\^8^M
T {v gp
NS `6qT lQS #NYtYu Oo`e *N g@w{8V
HhvYu :{\yr+R8T_N07h `OvYu
N1\ Nv^eQNNv~ NwS
0RNvsQlNT
V{eu'Yvp
1 3 4
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
(WYu
Nh`Ov ao FO+Rb_*Yf}v0N{|b gN uOegv}YGY
_ !j|
NnvYu OqO[e~`OV5u N_nrQ0
,{NASNN[S`O
N` d8xN `O_Qu `OS~[
NOQH& & 0 U /f@b g
N bN`Fds^v _N1\")Y"0WN6q bNwS _YeP
N
/f NS [
Nw 1\SNNN0uTuT YgSIk g(uv f[ZP
NHN nx[YdkJU0 bNeg w w gl gNHN_tf[vlP[ .^bN_
S_[evbT
N:Wfxy=N`O O`OlQeSRgvO ^g_0RgvS
b `O[1rN
N_ `[Bl[ev[U`0_>f6q $Ny`Q@b(uv_
tV{euO g@b
N T0 g xyv/f`OvL:N /f`Ov
N T`Q_N_
e`HN%_e0_Y:WT 1uNS0RYLuV }vr^pb }Y__NOROWN
eSN(uN NV{eu0
W e i n e r e t a l . ( 1 9 8 7 ) xvz>f:y N` d8xKNTv PS/f_ gvzv0vQ-N
`QQc6RV kSc c6RNTN`Q v N'YXt1u [e,T
wegf
gN0>N*NOP[ N` d8xT `OIQ
N/fbv#N 0 bhQ
_N KN{|v _S ~ 0Wqw[e_4Yve
Tkp }qwN[`OvN
h`0FOYg`O _fS
NS uNmQf>\NEe 0 frN 7hv
1 3 5
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
1\:c[fS_[ev0V:N lNU"k)R(uv a lNU"kff
ZPNtS n
N(WNN v[O0@bN bR_TNY(WvV }HNZP
NNO[emml NN_]S0RN0
YgQ`Ovc6RV HN`O1\_[ewS0
/f `O_[ewS :NNMQSS uv`Q`OZP NN2vce FO
N{
NY)Y{ `O1Y%N0>N*NOP[ Yg/fN=dNe HN`Ov
NSSO` `OfwS:WO[b_ :NNHN
NepQYu Ye
0@bN`O_HQ NKb:N:_ (WN`~veP _N Nv^f7hvN
[ sS`OHQQSvp dkY/fcN5X^X FO
N5X_[(W*YS
[ ]~Q`O@bTtKmvV0
g Np `O_(W_SIk N[ wcs`0wQSOfnx01 9 9 2 t^ l
v0]yr~0]^t N*NNS h a p i r o , B u t t n e r , a n d B a r r y vxvz>f:ywQSOf
nx0WN`vSY k{cmQb+Tm
Nnvll fmd[ev
_4Ykp0V:N\Y w`
N
NN^勳 YN FO/fN
NS`ObT kY `O[1rN
N_
`ONKNvsQ|N uNf%Nvu
NQvNON
NQ|_dksQ_ N
N_ v^*gQ`O@bc6RV`O[hQSNMQr7hv 0`O[e
_S0RNQrN_`O(Wgy z^
NSNN _`O[N
N Y
\0
N
YsQ_ b`O9h,QsQ_N& & @bN { NS [
Nw el
mbl`R V:N`Ol gN
\%N0`OvL:NN_]'N1YNgNCgR0
1 3 6
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
@bN :NNN}YS NN `O_Nv_tr`b`
YS7h0e `OSN~~
O(uN NV{eu0 cgq NbV*N6kvek S`Ol0RbR{_^b_[e
6k N #0SIk0hsa
NMRbv`Q g@b
N T `O_:N]vL:N [hQv#N+R~b P
ScxS#N V:NHNZPSOO`Qv`S0/fJU NgyaIN
N [eP/f
^g`OSNV0R+RN
NsSOV
N_Nl(u V:NYg*`0RvQ[ HN_NS
g*N vQ[ [e=cVbP[ `OR NpRO
N
N0 w'T
|N `O d8xv_`O #0S g wck w#N `OMb gRSs^o`N`0
OO `O_[e=cVbP[NwS `Ol`SNO[ `OQNNv aS0
c Neg `O_:N]v@b\O@b:NSIk0 u;m-NbN gePO_N[
X [
Nw 0=\{SIk
N Y FO`S_[ev SIk~[\
N
N0S_6q geP bN [
Nw _0FOQ `O_N_ V:NsQ
|0R`O&Tb_[ev[U`
gT `O_nx[]vSIk/f
N/f wvSQ_0Z`GPavSIklNO
O0N[
NvO`O S`HNOcS`OvSIkv^N[U`N`ObT Yg`OvbIk
N/fSQ_ HN`O1\ gSOQr HN[e\O~Sf'YvuN`
$O0@bN Yg`O9h,g1\l*Na ` HN+RR:_] [
Nw Yg`O
wve` HNe0Ov _N/f`ONKNvsQ|b`ON@bb4Nvr
Q0
1 3 7
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
6kNT`N`Z
6k `O_NwS `O ?aab[v^cS@b gL:N&^egvTg NUO
Tg 0l g`avSIk 1\}Yk:Nqevэf-N w
N-N(u0@bN `O_
h`Ov`a .^NacV"N1YvCgR0
Yg`Ob`ZvCgRN~N `OS0Rv`ZSOf{ b_NNHN`Z
_Nl g0
NOO gyaIN
N \dkedk;R `Ov}T\`ONOv
sQ| cc(WNKb-N0@bN b`ZvCgRwaha0WN~N NwSN gCgY
n`O@gPRhQ1uN0_ sQ|0R`Ov}T sQ|0RNO
NOS
`O0NS/f`1\`OvL:N*Nl S/f ^g] gRLO]vCgR S
/f_]^勷_`Ov
\ Ydk ]0@bN Yg`ObNN
N:Ypv
Nir sSN[`O@bb gvCgR ~N HN`O1\S_Nv[U`0OY `O
4Y NSSNHN bwSbZPN `O gCg)R ubvl0b?aabSN
UOTg0
cd{^opGr
xvz>f:y sSO/flbHhN Yg`Ol gh`a HN gSO$R
_ NN0@bN `O_{o N[_ts^aN &TR1\_:_L`Z`O
V:NckIN^勫8O _0ckINUO(W (WbNvQ_ (WN&TbN'YYpeNv
Q_Ocs^a0[U`UO(W (WckIN (WN[vN/f&T]~NO4Y /f&T wv
wS]N /f&T wv gN`a0
1 3 8
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
(WgNgzvNO-N :NN=\_md[ev_4YKNh` S(u0R Nbv
b]0`O
NYZP_4Y Np ^N0WZ`O (uy`O`_Qv g%NS
velZ`O0 N}YN NSP
N_
NegR`ON0V:NN_S_ =\{N
[rN FO_N
NNS0RHNv`Z@Tv^N NHNZPNS
N'}
JU N
NYu^ytSbegN_tf[
NS w1Y v N N0&qQr`v N
y (W*NSOc g$Ny[zv`^b`leQs0:NN&qQ *NSO_{:NQ
(W
N NLb OKNTtS0 1\/f ,gegN_`OZ S NeNR
`O+RHN`Z] HNNvQ_1\ gNQz0/fJU 0R^
NZbT
w1Y Qs N _Y&qQ0N/f \oaN _Yte]v`l OKNT
tS0NO` b`Ov@b\O@b:NlN`avHN||0V:NS gHN` N
Q_v
YBg`~Mb_0RTtv0bcS \oa NHN
g
]bT
6k NOT
}YN vMR:Nbk MRbvV{eu]O`OW,g1i uT 1\an4lvN]~b
0R NWWQe}Tvnm(g s(W`OSNnmQ4lb|T8TN0
N `0R wckvF
0W `O_QR NbR `O_~~f[`N Nbvb]0
Nf NTeG0RNHN`Q `O~
NQr0:NNHN`OvL:NO~
NvQ_&^egi6q'Yl vQ-N_'Y NR /fV:N`OvL:N [hQQNNNv
e0NN1\HNS uN (WNk
NwSfv`Q N0e6q7h HN N!k _
1 3 9
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
SO T7h0W l gNUOMRFQ0WQ!kS u0@bN Yg`OTNON`~[
NOo HN\'Y'YQ{vQ&qQv z^0b!kvL:N\O:N N*NS8^NN
USrbQeg O勋NN[vQ u;m@b bvQQRM0R gNO v^ONT~[
N
OQNb4N T{|NN0
s(W VT{ :NNHN N0`OZPvNN[Neg /f*Ntf)Y9 s
(WNHN
:NNHNOHNZP0`O_NN/fNHN[N`OvL:N &TRN
NOUbu
O0S
NwS 0 blQHNY 7hv elNFd1Q_vP`
` V:NNN6q_b_ SSvo 0
FO/f `OG0RcbN`HN`OvL:NbT +R,Twega/f(W:N
*N?Qb}Y /f`O[bv gT N*NNR bN~~0
V:N[` /fL:Nv g}YN0OY `OSN b a0R
P`La V:NN`SU\_*YzN Yg
N(WOfN
Nd b``OO _d
b bw@w`O V:Nb``OwS wvTOh`b0 0V:N
N{/fyN:W
T /f]\O:WT `O^Nv;`R_/fN0k*NNN P`` *N N
[YdkSY0Ydk~|0
HNNKNT Qeg w`OvL:N0a/f$O[N|_dkONvST
N'Y
a0uT `O
N/f*NmQ^ye;Nv[O M`M```-NQN[` r^NN
Ntzfv
N7hv8Y'YN`Ov1_ SlN[ev
\%Nb:_Cg0v^N :NN
1 4 0
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
`OvP`` [enboyg0vrbT [b`
YvQb/eM a_ g
.^R0
OO V{euSvQN+RvV{eu~TwegO(uv/U N[e 1\/f[ev
_`b`
Ys^a0`ObL:NvR:gR_VNP`` ,NON`Ovbi_0{US
S g(W`O[vYt
N*Y gbcveP MbON uP``vS^0N8Y0
b-N_b_b:_pv[k ^ P``/f`O~[
N`hsQegv Ny_`0
cd{^opGr
/f gN!cNbNvS?Q bN N,O~Qs$N*NS^ N0 a0R
N
_N0Sb N N!cN_eU!j7h0:NNHNO7h HQ|`` /fV:NbN
_]v
\%NS0ROrQSb[ev!j7h /f` w wN/f
N/fyEea!cS
v[O0t^{v\O?Q SObNkp
NGmlFO/fbcN*N&v\v*Y*Y
bT bNvkpl]
NY_N1\mpN0V:NbNOGP*Y*YS/fx] yY
N/f
X[_v0 w0RN `Ov@b gS^/fN b :NW@xvV:N`O_N[
HNr^/f(W[`O @bN`OMbkpQ NN0
6kV:_] Ne@b
gT _[ewS`Ov@b\O@b:Nl~]&^egNUO}YY`Oel g
_|^y
Nvn _Nl g_0Rir(
Nv[`0HNZP_ V:NSv]
~S lNeIQPAm @bN`O_[e3uf `OvL:N
N/f*N
l~`O&^egNUO}YY0R [U`vsQ./fb`
YsQ|
N{/fyNsQ|/f
]\OsQ| vs^aT0gy z^
N Yg`O g@b_ HN:NN\N` d
1 4 1
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
[ `O1\_ g@b1Y sS`O VfY 0@bN ~[
Nb `ON!kL
:N-N _NNUO)Rv
N{/fY(Wvbl/fQ(Wvn a0kY `O
7h !k Qh v a w/f|N 0 b~[
NOQ NR
_N
N 0 vQ[bf` V:NNTbn_/f'auJU I{I{0
V{eu\qO[e[U``O0c Neg `OZPv1\/fI{_ `OI{_eIQAm
0uT _N/f`O/U NllP[d~v N0`OwS e/f g}YvfkhV Ne
NX `Ov u;m\Q!kb`
YS7h0
cd{^opGr
KNMRN~v/f1u
NS_L:N Nvxy 勂YUO6eJd0 geP _NO$O
N0e`HNR dke S (u lS vb] OS{~g d[0@b
xyNSQ Y_1Y @bNYg`O1\/fy_Y NS
N~'Y
vN HN勀b]O.^`OwS_Y4YuN0
l b[bvQrYgS_bQr0RN _YeP __ _s{v
fU _Nl(u /felbs^Ny$O[v a0Vdk
N勲v
NQS `O1\\RRhvQ[lSg l o b a l i z e 0NHNa `bT k
e `OT N*N TNNweg `ON w/fl(u
0TTOWfUdk
e :NNc6R$O[ `Oz;Re
N NS {klQSvN`HN
HNl(u
0bN:NNHNO_gNNQr0R] vQ-N_'YR
SV/fbN_NN/fQ]egv0TbevSMNONQQ
R0V:Ne6q`O w
Nz
1 4 2
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
NHNN S_6q
NO[N*NN bQQ0 TN
N_S$O _N
NO_
] gNHN
N[R vS NSO:N `OP/f勻S^^GPmmkp
N0
l ,{ N Od,{ N Oe gaea0WmbfN`Ova ` N
Qr0RgN0dke `O[RvLlS0NHNa ` 1\/f
`O_bSbQbQib'Y NN0kY `OSNHN
/f`Obl_Su b/fk*NNbl_Su0 0e6q[eS
/fN,{ NS-N,T0R NNΘX ] ,geg1\\O\u QR
N`OHN
N ~[SN`On}v
V{eu'Yvp
$Ny PS `QQc6RV 0Sc c6RNTN`Q 0vk
MRy PSf:N g)R0
Yg`QlQ`Ovc6RV 1\/f 8x NN[hQ b`O@b
P HN`O N[_:N]vL:N [hQ#N0
SIkv`^^s`v^N_wQSO0
[ewS `OQYb[v^cSNUOTg `Ov}Tcc(WNvKb-N0`O
_{b`
YNvCgR a0
Nf eG0RNHN`Q NT
NOQS u T{|NN0
Yg`OHNr^ g NR/fV:NP`` HN N[fP``/f`7hOO`O
HNr^v0
1 4 3
lcvP w
h t t p : / / n a m e . 5 1 2 j . c o m
T[ehf `OvL:Nl~]&^egNUO}YY0
,{NASmQN[s^Y0WcSOWmo`
)Y g
NKmΘN N geYxyy0gy`Q N `O
N_
N O NNOWmo`
dkeV{eu\.^`O N*N'Y_0`O\Ss
N{NHNiV S9eSvQ Ove
_ 1\SNbgR'`0W9eSNN[vQ@bN uvS^0
,T0RgOo`KNT bNO\OUOt c NegO gUO aSbT wOo`(W
O z-N O(uNNHN7hv V:N g@w
NS0Ovq_TR0@bN
Oyvc XTwS NN
N ~{T T /f^` ybQNe
N 0=\{`r^vN?Q N7h FO ~{T T vl;`N_
N'Y
g V:N
Sb\ bN1\br@w l~_^[8h eUT T_N+R~{ 0
N ybQN
eN N;m?Qr^wegP/U (u
N@wb`S`0
Yev4Y4YNwS wQ g:_'Yvq_TR0 N]N]NNt^ )YXKN Ye
>mv NAS]N
TO_SO@g0V~ N NO_N@gMRbDdvU_P&^ N-NbN
,T0RO_N
Ne0Wb]vSOSZP [hV 0mmp N*N [hV S_6qk
mmp]vSO[f_Ye NppS Ye_N_Nnn _YcS7hv
_sSNNvSO
N/f*N [hV @bNe{0dke QNO_N
Ytc [hV0SO@g {vfYScV
cd{^opGr
1 4 4
