洛克说，经过我们劳动加工之后，那些不属于任何人的自然物，
John Locke said private property arises because when we mix our labor with things,
就变成了归我们所有，变成私有财产
unowned things, we come to aquire a property right in those things.
而其原因是什么？
And the reason?
原因是我们能拥有我们自己的劳动成果
The reason is that we own our own labor,
而这背后的原因何在？
and the reason for that?
因为我们是我们自己的主人
We are the proprietors, the owners of our own person.
因此，为了研究自由主义声称的
And so in order to examine the moral force of the libertarian claim
我们拥有自己，我们必须转向
that we own ourselves, we need to turn to
英国政治哲学家洛克，看看他是怎么解释
the English political philosopher, John Locke, and examine his account
私有财产的所有权和自我支配权。这也是我们下次的讨论。
of private property and self ownership and that's what we'll do next time.
任尔选择，给尔所选。（选择的后果自负）
From each as they choose, to each as they are chosen.----Robert Nozick
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这块地是我的
This Land is My Land
今天，我们将讨论约翰-洛克
Today, we turn to John Locke.
表面看来，洛克是一位有力的自由主义支持者
On the face of it, Locke is a powerful ally of the libertarian.
首先，他和今天的自由主义者一样
First, he believes, as libertarians today maintain,
认为某些基本的个人权利是非常重要的
that there are certain fundamental individual rights that are so important
是任何政府，即使是代表人民的政府
that no government, even a representative government,
即使是由民主选举出来的政府，也不能剥夺这些权利
even a democratically elected government, can override them.
不仅如此，他还认为这些基本权利
Not only that, he believes that those fundamental rights include
包括了生命、自由和财产这些自然权利
a natural right to life, liberty, and property,
此外，他还认为财产权
and furthermore he argues that the right to property
不是由政府或法律所赋予的
is not just the creation of government or of law.
这些财产权是在政权出现前
The right to property is a natural right in the sense
就拥有的自然权利
that it is prepolitical.
它是每个人与生俱来的
It is a right that attaches to individuals as human beings,
甚至在政府出现前
even before government comes on the scene,
甚至在议会和立法机关
even before parliaments and legislatures
通过法律来定义和保护这些权利之前(这些权利就已经存在了)
enact laws to define rights and to enforce them.
洛克说，想要了解自然权利是什么意思
Locke says in order to think about what it means to have a natural right,
我们得想象，在政府、法律出现前
we have to imagine the way things are
万事万物的样子
before government, before law, and that's what Locke means
就是洛克所说的自然状态
by the state of nature.
他说自然状态是一种自由状态
He says the state of nature is a state of liberty.
人是生而自由平等的
Human beings are free and equal beings.
没有自然的阶级层次划分
There is no natural hierarchy.
并没有人天生就是国王
It's not the case that some people are born to be kings
也没有人天生就是农奴
and others are born to be serfs.
在自然状态下，我们生而自由平等
We are free and equal in the state of nature and yet,
他指出，自由状态和许可状态
he makes the point that there is a difference between
是有区别的
a state of liberty and a state of license.
理由是即使在自然状态中
And the reason is that even in the state of nature,
也有某种法律
there is a kind of law.
但那不是立法机关制定的法律
It's not the kind of law that legislatures enact.
而是自然法则。这种自然法则限制了我们所能做的，
It's a law of nature. And this law of nature constrains
哪怕我们是自由的
what we can do even though we are free,
就算在自然状态下也是如此
even though we are in the state of nature.
那这些约束是什么？
Well what are the constraints?
自然法则对我们的唯一限制就是
The only constraint given by the law of nature
就是我们所拥有的权利那些自然权利
is that the rights we have, the natural rights we have
我们既不能放弃这些权利
we can't give up nor can we take them
也不能从他人身上夺取
from somebody else.
在自然法则下，我们不是自由到
Under the law of nature, I'm not free to take somebody else's
可以侵犯他人的生命、自由或财产，我也不能随意
life or liberty or property, nor am I free to take
放弃自己的生命、自由或财产
my own life or liberty or property.
即便我是自由的，我也不能随意违反自然法则
Even though I am free, I'm not free to violate the law of nature.
我不能随意放弃自己的生命，或将自己卖为奴隶
I'm not free to take my own life or to sell my self into slavery
或让别人有绝对的权力来控制我
or to give to somebody else arbitrary absolute power over me.
对于这一限制，你可能认为只是一个
So where does this constraint, you may think it's a fairly
很小的限制，但它从何而来呢？
minimal constraint, but where does it come from?
洛克告诉我们，它从何而来
Well, Locke tells us where it comes from
他给出了两个答案，第一个答案是
and he gives two answers. Here is the first answer.
"人类是由一位万能的、无限智慧的
"For men, being all the workmanship of one omnipotent,
制造者所创造的" ，即上帝
and infinitely wise maker," namely God,
人类是上帝的财产，是由上帝制造的
"they are His property, whose workmanship they are,
是出于上帝的喜好，而不是其他人
made to last during His, not one another's pleasure."
因此，我们之所以不能放弃
So one answer to the question is why can't I give up
我自己的生命、自由、或财产的权利
my natural rights to life, liberty, and property is well,
原因在于，严格来说，这些都不属于你自己
they're not, strictly speaking, yours.
毕竟，你是上帝的创造物，上帝更有权拥有我们
After all, you are the creature of God. God has a bigger property right in us,
他有优先的所有权
a prior property right.
现在，你可能会说， 这不是一个令人满意
Now, you might say that's an unsatisfying,
令人信服的答案，至少对那些
unconvincing answer, at least for those
不相信上帝的人来说
who don't believe in God.
洛克是怎么回到这些人的呢？下面是洛克的回应
What did Locke have to say to them? Well, here is where Locke appeals
他的理念是
to the idea of reason and this is the idea,
如果我们反思，自由的意义
that if we properly reflect on what it means to be free,
我们将得出这样的结论，自由不仅仅意味着
we will be led to the conclusion that freedom can't just be a matter
我们可以做任何我们想做的事
of doing whatever we want.
我想，当洛克说：自然状态下
I think this is what Locke means when he says, "The state of nature
存在着一条每个人都应遵守的自然法则
has a law of nature to govern it which obliges everyone: and reason,
这一法则教导人们
which is that law, teaches mankind who will but consult it
所有人都是平等独立的，没有人有权利
that all being equal and independent, no one ought to harm another
去侵犯其他人的生命、健康、自由或财产
in his life, health, liberty, or possessions."
这引出了洛克的一个令人费解的、解释权利的观点
This leads to a puzzling paradoxical feature of Locke's
某种意义上很熟悉，但又很陌生
account of rights. Familiar in one sense but strange in another.
我们的自然权利是不可分割的
It's the idea that our natural rights are unalienable.
不可分割是什么意思？意思是说我们不能
What does "unalienable" mean? It's not for us to alienate them
远离它，放弃它，交换它，变卖它
or to give them up, to give them away, to trade them away, to sell them.
就像飞机票，不可转让
Consider an airline ticket. Airline tickets are nontransferable.
或是“爱国者” 或“红袜”的比赛票
（爱国者：英格兰爱国者橄榄球队）（红袜：知名棒球队波士顿红袜队）
Or tickets to the Patriots or to the Red Sox.
不可转让，不可分割
Nontransferable tickets are unalienable.
我在有限的意义下拥有它，我自己可以使用它
I own them in the limited sense that I can use them for myself,
但我不能把它卖出去。因此从某种意义上说，是不可剥夺的
but I can't trade them away. So in one sense, an unalienable right,
这种不可转让的权利使得我并不是完全拥有它
a nontransferable right makes something I own less fully mine.
但从另一方面说，它也是不可剥夺的
But in another sense of unalienable rights,
尤其是生命、自由和财产权
especially where we're thinking about life, liberty, and property,
由于它们的不可剥夺，使其涵义更加深刻
or a right to be unalienable makes it more deeply,
更彻底地属于我
more profoundly mine,
这就是洛克不可分割的意思
and that's Locke's sense of unalienable.
在美国独立宣言里也可以看到
We see it in the American Declaration of Independence.
托马斯杰斐逊提到了洛克的这一思想
Thomas Jefferson drew on this idea of Locke.
杰弗逊将洛克的说法改了一下：
Unalienable rights to life, liberty, and as Jefferson amended Locke,
自由，生命，和对幸福的追求是我们不可剥夺的权利
to the pursuit of happiness. Unalienable rights.
这些权利是如此根属于我们，即使我们自己也不能把它卖掉
Rights that are so essentially mine that even I can't trade them away
或放弃
or give them up.
这些就是在政府存在之前
So these are the rights we have in the state of nature
在自然状态下，我们已经拥有的权利
before there is any government.
以生命和自由为例， 我不能夺走我的生命
In the case of life and liberty, I can't take my own life.
我不能把自己变卖为奴隶，也不能拿走别人的生命
I can't sell myself into slavery any more than I can take
也不能强迫他人
somebody else's life or take someone else
成为我们的奴隶
as a slave by force.
那财产权又怎么解释？
But how does that work in the case of property?
因为在洛克的理论中，私有财产权
Because it's essential to Locke's case that private property can arise
在政府产生前就存在了
even before there is any government.
在政府存在之前
How can there be a right to private property
怎么会有私有财产权呢？
even before there is any government?
洛克的答案在第27节
Locke's famous answer comes in Section 27.
每个人对他自己的人身，拥有所有权
"Every man has a property in his own person.
这一权利只属於他自己，而不得为其他人所拥有
This nobody has any right to but himself."
他的身体所从事的劳动，他的双手所进行的工作
"The labor of his body and the work of his hands,
我们可以说，都属于他
we may say, are properly his."
因此，作为一名自由主义者，他延伸了这一观点
So he moves, as the libertarians later would move,
从我们拥有自己，对自己的人身有所有权
from the idea that we own ourselves, that we have property in our persons
延伸到，我们拥有自己的劳动这个紧密相连的观点
to the closely connected idea that we own our own labor.
并且从这一点进而延伸出，通过我们的劳动加工之后
And from that to the further claim that whatever we mix our labor with
那些不属于任何人的自然物，就变成了我们的财产
that is un-owned becomes our property.
不管他从自然提供的资源中，移走了什么、剩下了什么
"Whatever he removes out of the state that nature has provided,
里面已经混有了他的劳动
and left it in, he has mixed his labor with,
加入他自己的东西，从而
and joined it to something that is his own, and thereby
